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CVNT2 > Horse Reproduction > Flashcards

Horse Reproduction Flashcards

(86 cards)

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1
Q

what is a gelding?

A

castrated male

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2
Q

what is a filly?

A

female <2yo

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3
Q

what is a colt?

A

entire male <4yo

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4
Q

what is the stud?

A

stallion or breeding establishment

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5
Q

what does ‘to cover’ mean?

A

to mate

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6
Q

what is a teaser?

A

male used to test mare in season

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7
Q

what is an embryo?

A

conceptus <50 day old

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8
Q

what is a foetus?

A

conceptus >50 day old

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9
Q

what is a cryptorchid/rig?

A

male behaving as entire male with non-scrotal testicles

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10
Q

what type of oestrus cycle do mares have?

A

seasonally polyoestrus

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11
Q

what time of year do mares naturally cycle?

A

spring-autumn

brought on by increasing day length and ceases as days shorten

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12
Q

how long is the oestrus cycle in mares?

A

21 days

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13
Q

what is the most desirable time of year to foal?

A

late spring-early summer

easier to maintain mare and foal at grass

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14
Q

when should mares be covered?

A

during the month after you wish them to foal in (pregnancy lasts around 11 months)

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15
Q

how does covering time differ between pleasure/performance breeds and thoroughbreds?

A

covering starts earlier with thoroughbreds

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16
Q

why is it advantageous for thoroughbred foals to be born as early as possible in the year?

A

when racing, there is an appreciable benefit to being as mature as possible within your year group - a group of horses race with their calendar year peers

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17
Q

when are thoroughbred mares covered?

A

from valentines day onwards

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18
Q

where do mares foal?

A

some will foal at the stud where they will be covered

others will foal at home before travelling mare and foal to stud (‘foal at foot’)

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19
Q

how is ovulation induced?

A

use of prostaglandin which causes corpus luteum regression

mare will cycle within 2-7 days of injection

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20
Q

what pre-breeding checks should be performed before/upon arrival at stud?

A

general health - strangles, clinical examination

clitoral fossa and sinus ENT swabs (in amies charcoal)

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21
Q

why are clittoral fossa and sinus swabs taken during pre-breeding checks?

A

to check for diseases which cause contagious equine metritis

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22
Q

what is contagious equine metritis?

A

highly transmissible venereal disease causing uterine inflammation

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23
Q

what pre-breeding checks should be carried out on the mare at stud?

A

endometrial swabs (cytology, C+S)

ultrasound scan of ovaries for follicle development
and uterus to check free fluid and cysts

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24
Q

what is teasing?

A

testing whether or not a mare is in season using a male horse

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25
what type of horse is usually the 'teaser'?
low value, often pony stallion - cheap, less consequence if injured during teasing, may cover nanny mares to keep him interested may be the stud stallion in some cases
26
how is teasing carried out?
may introduce head to head or teaser to mares rear can use teasing boards/stable door/fencing/open area
27
what is oestrus behaviour in the mare?
lifting tail winking of vulva squirts urine wide-legged stance acceptance of male presence does not kick out at stallion tolerates his attention
28
what is oestrus behaviour in the stallion?
``` flehmen response sniffs/nuzzles them bites hindlimbs and perineum drops penis penile erection if permitted will cover the mare ```
29
why might a mare be US scanned during oestrus?
to determine the best time to cover
30
what are you looking for during US of a mare in oestrus?
large follicle (5cm diameter) uterine oedema no free fluid in uterus
31
what does the cervix look like during oestrus?
red, engorged, saggy | closer to ventral floor of vagina
32
what does the cervix look like during dioestrus?
pale, small, tight | high up off vaginal floor
33
what type of covering does weatherbys allow?
to be weatherbys registered, mares must be covered naturally - no AI covering certificate issued to mare owner by the stud
34
how is in-hand covering carried out?
stallion walked to mare from behind and allowed to greet stallion mounts then covers mare stallion handler may palpate ventral penis for ejaculation
35
what are the safety considerations for in-hand covering?
humans - hats, safety footwear, gloves mare - wither guard, hobbles, bridle, twitch, boots, tail bandage stallion - bridle/chain, lunge line, foot boots
36
how soon after covering should you tease/US?
following day - if still in oestrus may cover again (every other day) if not in oestrus manage as normal - tease from 18 days and US from 12 days
37
when does unassisted covering occur?
``` in herd or individual short term or living in herd free in field common with native breeds timings determined by horses - less human intervention ```
38
what types of semen can be used in AI?
fresh semen from local stallion chilled semen from stallion in same country frozen semen - global possible
39
how is semen collected with a dummy?
train stallion to dummy (artificial vagina) soak towel in urine from mare in season to encourage OR stand in-season mare nearby/in front
40
how is semen collected using a mare? why is this not commonly performed?
use of a sedated/ovarioectomised/in season questionable welfare for mare if needs restraint repeatedly
41
what is the setup of an artificial vagina?
``` lined, lubricated and insulated filled with warm water (38°C approx) semen collection vessel insulated filter gel from semen do not get water in semen! ```
42
what is semen extender?
preserves fertilising ability of the sperm in semen
43
how is timing of AI decided?
usually upon US scan - when uterine oedema subsided, minimal free fluid fixed time insemination can be used following induction of ovulation
44
how much sperm is used for AI?
typically 100-500 million progressively motile sperm
45
how us AI performed?
use of speculum to visualise or hand per vaginum to guide place insemination catheter through cervix into uterus instill semen dose into uterine body
46
what is involved in post-covering/AI management?
removal of free fluid associated with semen/extender/inflammatory reaction (lavage, induce uterine contractions, encourage movement) vulvoplasty caslicks procedure to prevent ascending infection into uterus monitor with US to check free fluid levels
47
how old is the embryo used for embryo transfer?
7-10 day blastocyst - collected from donor mare and transferred to recipient mare
48
how can pregnancy be diangosed?
US scan from 12 days failure to return to oestrus by 21 days blood sample (PMSG or oestrone sulphate) urine sample from 120 days (placental oestrogens)
49
when can a eCG blood test be performed to confirm pregnancy?
from 60 days
50
when can an oestrone sulphate blood test be performed to confirm pregnancy?
from 120 days (indicates whether foetus alive or not)
51
what is the conception rate in horses?
approx 80%
52
are live twins common in horses?
no - rarely survive to full term
53
when are twins typically aborted?
between 5-7 months when demands exceed placental surface area capacity to provide required nutrients and oxygen
54
how can twins be aborted if found on US?
can terminate one or both "pinching" - easiest before implantation at day 14-18 must terminate before endometrial cups sustain pregnancy (d35)
55
what is the gestation range?
320-370 days (approx 340 usually)
56
when is the foal considered premature?
if born 310-325 days
57
when is a fetus non-viable?
before 310 days - will abort
58
what are the signs of imminent foaling?
udder development - waxing up, dripping milk vulva relaxes foaling alarms - use sweating
59
how do electrolytes in the milk change if foaling imminent?
calcium increase and sodium decreases
60
are caesarians performed in horses?
possible under GA | not usually done in the field unless mare will not survive regardless
61
how long does stage 1 labour last?
1-4 hours
62
what happens during stage 1 labour?
foal enters pelvic canal, stimulating dilation of cervix and vulva uterine contractions of increasing strength from tip of horns to cervix
63
what are the behavioural signs a mare is in stage 1 labour?
``` restlessness getting up and down looking at abdomen sweating frequent urination ```
64
what should be done when it is noticed the mare is in stage 1 labour?
wash perineum bandage tail reverse caslicks with an episiotomy
65
how long does stage 2 labour last?
15 mins
66
what happens during stage 2 labour?
allantois ruptures at cervical star releasing fluids strong contraction from uterus and voluntary abdominal contractions amnion then visible with foal inside
67
what happens to the foal during stage 2 labour?
foal presents 2 toes and nose shoulders and body of foal expelled hindlimbs retained in uterus and mare rests when mare stands, umbilicus breaks
68
what happens in stage 3 labour?
uterine contractions from tip of horns to cervix | inverts placenta and expels it and lochia (fluids)
69
how long does stage 3 labour last?
should be <3 hours
70
what if the afterbirth does not come within 3 hours of birth?
if retained >3 hours seek urgent veterinary advice as retained foetal membranes may cause endotoxaemia
71
what are the 6 layers of the epitheliochorial placenta?
1. chorionic capillary endothelium 2. chorionic connective tissue 3. chorionic epithelium 4. endometrial epithelium 5. uterine connective tissue 6. uterine capillary endothelium
72
what type of placenta do horses have?
non-deciduate - foetal and maternal layers separate diffuse - villi spread over virtually all the placenta
73
how can it be ensured that the placenta has been passed in entirety?
collect from stable before traumatised examine both surfaces distend with fluid (only possible if no tears) - shows complete removal
74
which part of the placenta is most likely to be retained?
tip of non-pregnant horn
75
what are the signs the mare is experiencing dystocia?
(once allantochorion ruptures) no amnion or foal at vulva within 5 mins no strong contractions within 10 mins no progression of foal made over a 5 min period
76
what are the options if there is dystocia?
vaginal assisted delivery controlled vaginal delivery C section embryotomy euthanasia (foal delivered under GA C section then mare euthanised)
77
what are the survival rates for elective C section?
90% for mare and foal
78
what are the survival rates for emergency c section?
directly relates to time of onset of stage 2 labour
79
what is the 1 2 3 rule?
stand in 1 hour suckle by 2 hours placenta passed within 3 hours
80
which horses need a passport?
all horses born since 2005
81
which horses need a microchip?
all horses (since 2018)
82
what is a passport required for?
travelling with horse selling horse slaughtering horse
83
when should a passport application be made?
application to be made by december 31st of year born or when foal is 6 months old (whichever is later)
84
what is included in the passport application form?
owner details microchip status/location ID certificate (not compulsory to complete but advisable) owner and competent authority (vet) signature vet stamp
85
where is a microchip placed?
nuchal ligament
86
how do you insert a microchip?
scan neck to ensure not present scan chip to ensure correct number insert into nuchal ligament scan neck to ensure in situ

CVNT2 (47 decks)

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