Esophagus

Question 1

What are the parts of the esophagus?

Answer 1

Cervical, thoracic, Abdominal

Question 2

At what landmark does the anteri posterior curvature of the esophagus presents?

Answer 2

C6

Question 3

At what landmark does the lateral curvature of the esophagus presents?

Answer 3

T5-T7

Question 4

The esophagus passes the arch of the aorta at what level?

Answer 4

T4

Question 5

The esophagus is passed by the left bronchus at what level?

Answer 5

T6

Question 6

The esophageal opening of the diaphragm is opposite to

Answer 6

T10

Question 7

What arteries supply the esophagus

Answer 7

The bronchial artery- branch of aorta
Esophageal branch- inferior thyroid artery
Ascending branch of the left gastric artery

Question 8

The cervucal aspect of the esophagus drains into the ?

Answer 8

Inferior thyroid vein

Question 9

The thoracic aspect of the esophagus drains into the ?

Answer 9

Hemiazygous and azygous vein

Question 10

The abdominal aspect of the esophagus drains into the ?

Answer 10

Left gastric vein and partially into inferior hemiazygous

Question 11

Esophageal varicose is caused by?

Answer 11

Portal hypertension

Question 12

The esophagus is supplied by which sympathetic nerves?

Answer 12

T5-T9

They form the esophageal plexus

Question 13

What is the role of the vagus nerve?

Answer 13

Sends signals to ganglia inside the esophagus wall
These ganglia then tell the muscles to contract rhythmically (peristalsis) and open the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) to let food into the stomach.

Question 14

What happens if the myenteric plexus is destroyed?

Answer 14

the LES stays tightly shut because there’s no command to relax. That’s why food gets stuck.

Happens in achalasia

Question 15

What often cause congenital anomolies in the esophagus?

Answer 15

The failure of the causal growth of the tracheoesophageal septum

Question 16

What occurs in esophageal atresia?

Answer 16

The esophagus is not continuous with its lower section causing a separation in the continuity of the esophagus

Question 17

What causes esophageal atresia?

Answer 17

During embryonic development, the foregut fails to separate properly into the trachea (front) and esophagus (back)

Question 18

The esophageal atresia usually presents with a birth defect called?

Answer 18

Tracheoesophageal fistul

Question 19

What are the features of esophageal atresia?

Answer 19

Coughing, cyanosis, choking

Question 20

What is the treatment for atresia?

Answer 20

Surgical stretching of the stricture

Question 21

Achalasia is

Answer 21

Esophageal achalasia, often referred to simply as achalasia, is a failure of smooth muscle fibers to relax, which can cause the lower esophageal sphincter to remain closed.
Achalasia is due to congenital absence of nerve cells of esophagus.

Question 22

The autosomal recessive disorder adrenocorticotrophic hormone resistant adrenal insufficiency is cased by

Answer 22

Gene mutations on chromosome 12

Question 23

A patient presents with achalasia and upon x ray it displays ?

Answer 23

The bird’s beak appearance is seen on a barium swallow X-ray (esophagram).

Question 24

The tracheoesophageal fistula is?

Answer 24

Abnormal communication between the trachea and the esophagus

Question 25

The tracheoesophageal fistula is a result of?

Answer 25

Non development of tracheoesophageal septum

Question 26

What are the symptoms of tracheoesophageal fistula?

Answer 26

Difficulty breathing, choking or coughing during feeding, frothy bubbles at the mouth, vomiting

Question 27

Esophageal varices is

Answer 27

Dilatation of submucosal veins in lower 3rd of esophagus.

Question 28

What are the signs and symptoms of esophageal varices

Answer 28

Yellow coloration of the skin and eyes, known as jaundice. Easy bleeding or bruising. Fluid buildup in the abdomen, called ascites (uh-SY-teez).

Question 29

Esophageal varices is often due to?

Answer 29

portal hypertension due to cirrhosis of liver. doctor might suspect esophageal varices if you have signs of liver disease or been diagnosed with liver cirrhosis,

Question 30

What medications are often used to reduce blood pressure and tighten veins

Answer 30

Vasopressin, octreotide, somatostatin

Question 31

During esophageal varices a by pass surgery is done that creates a short or to ease blood flow, this is?

Answer 31

Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt

Question 32

How is nivolumab utilized during esophageal cancer

Answer 32

In combination with fluoropyrimidine- or platinum-based chemotherapy as a first-line treatment for some patients with advanced or metastatic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

Question 33

What are the clinical features of esophageal cancer?

Answer 33

Clinical features- Trouble swallowing liquids. Trouble swallowing saliva. Hoarseness. Coughing. Vomiting. Bone pain. Bleeding into the esophagus, which will cause stool to turn black and a low red blood cell count, otherwise known as anemia.

Question 34

Barrett's esophagus is

Answer 34

a pre-malignant condition that occurs when the lining of the esophagus thickens and reddens due to acid reflux

Question 35

During Barrett’s esophagus the cells change from…to…

Answer 35

Stratified squamous epithelium to simple columnar epithelium

Question 36

Gerd increase your chance of having?

Answer 36

Barrett’s esophagus

Question 37

GERD is often managed by?

Answer 37

Antacids, H2 pump blocker, proto pump inhibitors

Question 38

During stages of ealrly esophageal cancer the barium contrasts x ray displays?

Answer 38

A small round bump or flat plaques

Question 39

During stages late stages of esophageal cancer the barium contrasts x ray displays?

Answer 39

Large irregular areas or narrowing around esophagus

Question 40

The xray findings of esophageal cancer is often describes as the tail of?

Answer 40

A rat (Also known as having an apple core)