Essential Words - Deck 1 Flashcards
(200 cards)
1
Q
Array
əˈreɪ
A
a group of people or things, especially one that is large or impressive
- a bewildering array of options
2
Q
Logging
ˈlɒgɪŋ
A
the work of cutting down trees in a forest
3
Q
Environment
ɪnˈvaɪrənmənt
A
the air, water, and land on Earth, which is affected by man’s activities
Some of these chemicals are very damaging to the environment.
Collocations:
- protect the environment
- stimulating working environment
Word families:
- environment (n.)
- environmental (adj.)
- environmentally (adv.)
4
Q
Habitat
ˈhæbɪətæt
A
the natural home of a plant or animal
watching monkeys in their natural habitat
Collocations:
- something’s natural habitat
- damage/destroy a habitat
5
Q
Pollution
pəˈluːʃən
A
the process of making air, water, soil etc dangerously dirty and not suitable for people to use, or the state of being dangerously dirty
Collocations:
- tackle pollution
Word families:
- pollution (n.)
- pollutany (n.) (countable)
- pollute (v.)
6
Q
Extend
ɪkˈstend
A
get bigger, to reach past
We’d like to extend a warm welcome to our French visitors.
Word families:
- estent (n.)
- esxtend (v.)
- extensive (adj.)
- extensively (adv.)
7
Q
(v.)
Fell
fel
A
to cut down a tree
More than 100 trees were felled in just over an hour.
8
Q
Nutrient
ˈnjuːtriənt
A
footnote
a chemical or food that provides what is needed for plants or animals to live and grow
The plant absorbs nutrients from the soil.
9
Q
Terrestrial
tɪəˈrestriəl
A
1- relating to the Earth rather than to the moon or other planets
2- living on or relating to land rather than water
3- TV etc that is broadcast from the Earth rather than from a satellite
10
Q
Aquatic
əˈkwætɪk
A
footnote
- living or growing in water
- involving or happening in water
- an aquatic plant
- aquatic sports
11
Q
Vanish
ˈvænɪʃ
A
footnote
to disappear suddenly, especially in a way that cannot be easily explained
- She seemed to have just vanished into thin air
- vanished from sight
12
Q
Myriad
ˈmɪriəd
A
very many
the myriad causes of homelessness
13
Q
Intact
ɪnˈtækt
A
not broken, damaged, or spoiled
سالم، صدمه ندیده
His reputation survived intact.
14
Q
Intercept
ˌɪntəˈsept
A
to stop something or someone that is going from one place to another before they get there
an attempt to intercept drugs being smuggled over the border
15
Q
Stabilize
ˈsteɪbɪəlaɪz
A
to become firm, steady, or unchanging, or to make something firm or steady
an attempt to stabilize the economy
16
Q
Erosion
ɪˈrəʊʒən
A
the process by which rock or soil is gradually destroyed by wind, rain, or the sea
the problem of soil erosion
Collocations:
- cause erosion
- constant erosion
Word families:
- erosion (n.)
- erode (v.)
17
Q
Vegetation
ˌvedʒɪəˈteɪʃən
A
plants in general
Lefkas has an abundance of lush green vegetation.
18
Q
Inhibit
ɪnˈhɪbɪət
A
- to prevent something from growing or developing well
- to make someone feel embarrassed or nervous so that they cannot do or say what they want to
* An unhappy family life may inhibit children’s learning.
- Recording the meeting may inhibit people from expressing their real views.
19
Q
Defense
dɪˈfens
A
- protection
- the players in a game of football etc whose main job is to try to prevent the other team from getting points
Word families:
- defense (n.)
- defender (n.)
- defend (v.)
20
Q
Deforestation
diːˌfɒrɪəˈsteɪʃən
A
the cutting or burning down of all the trees in an area
the deforestation of the ـtropicsـ
21
Q
Migration
maɪˈgreɪʃən
A
- when large numbers of people go to live in another area or country, especially in order to find work
- when birds or animals travel regularly from one part of the world to another
- when people start using a different computer system, or information is moved to a different computer system
Word families:
- migration (n.)
- migrant (n.)
- migrate (v.)
- migratory (adj.)
22
Q
Inhabit
ɪnˈhæbɪət
A
if animals or people inhabit an area or place, they live there
- The woods are inhabited by many wild animals.
23
Q
Fascinate
ˈfæsɪəneɪt
A
if someone or something fascinates you, you are attracted to them and think they are extremely interesting
The idea of travelling through time fascinates me.
دلربودن، شیفته کردن
Word families:
- fascination (n.)
- fascinate (v.)
- fascinating (adj.)
24
Q
Observer
əbˈzɜːvə
A
someone who regularly watches or pays attention to particular things, events, situations etc
Independent observers monitored the elections.
Word families:
- observation (n.)
- observer (n.)
- observe (v.)
- observant (adj.)
25
Imperative
| ɪmˈperətɪv
extremely important and needing to be done or dealt with immediately
| It is imperative that politicians should be good communicators.
26
Evolve
| ɪˈvɒlv
to develop and change gradually over a long period of time
## Footnote
- evolve out of
The idea _evolved out of_ work done by British scientists.
- evolve into
The group gradually _evolved into_ a political party.
Word families:
* evolution (n.)
* evolve (v.)
* evolutionary (adj.)
27
Breed
| briːd
to reproduce
| Eagles breed during the cooler months of the year.
28
Optimal
| ˈɒptɪəməl
the best or most suitable
29
Hemisphere
| ˈhemɪəsfɪə
a half of the Earth, especially one of the halves above and below the equator
| the Northern hemisphere
30
Species
| ˈspiːʃiːz
a group of animals or plants whose members are similar and can breed together to produce young animals or plants
| The area contains many rare species of plants.
## Footnote
Collocations:
* rare species
31
Windswept
| wɪndswept
a place that is windswept is often windy because there are not many trees or buildings to protect it
32
Endure
| ɪnˈdjʊə
to be in a difficult or painful situation for a long time without complaining
| تحمل کردن
## Footnote
He can't endure being apart from me.
33
Fuel
| ˈfjuːəl
a substance such as coal, gas, or oil that can be burned to produce heat or energy
## Footnote
Collocations:
* fossil fuel
34
Aspect
| ˈæspekt
1- [countable] one part of a situation, idea, plan etc that has many parts
aspect of
* Dealing with people is the most important aspect of my work.
* Alcoholism affects all aspects of family life.
2- [countable] the direction in which a window, room, front of a building etc faces:
* a south-facing aspect
3- [singular, uncountable] literary the appearance of someone or something:
* The storm outside gave the room a sinister aspect.
## Footnote
Collocations:
* aspect of somewone's personality
35
Feat
| fiːt
something that is an impressive achievement, because it needs a lot of skill, strength etc to do
شاهکار
| They climbed the mountain in 28 days, a remarkable feat.
## Footnote
It is no mean feat to perform such a difficult piece.
36
Nocturnal
| nɒkˈtɜːnl
1. an animal that is nocturnal is active at night
2. happening at night
| Rebecca paid a nocturnal visit to the flat.
37
Obscure
| əbˈskjʊə
1- not well known and usually not very important
2- difficult to understand
| The details of his life remain obscure.
38
Stray
| streɪ
سرگردان شدن، گمراه شدن
1. to move away from the place you should be
2. to begin to deal with or think about a different subject from the main one, without intending to
3. if your eyes stray, you begin to look at something else, usually without intending to
4. to start doing something that is wrong or immoral, when usually you do not do this
| Three of the soldiers strayed into enemy territory.
39
Diurnal
| daɪˈɜːnəl
1. happening or active in the daytime
2. happening everyday
40
Navigation
| ˌnævɪəˈgeɪʃən
the science or job of planning which way you need to go when you are travelling from one place to another
| compasses and other instruments of navigation
## Footnote
Word families:
- navigation (n.)
- navigator (n.)
- navigate (v.)
- navigational (adj.)
41
Occupy
| ˈɒkjʊəpaɪ
1- stay in a place to live or stay in a place:
- He occupies the house without paying any rent.
- The building was purchased and occupied by its new owners last year.
2- fill time if something occupies you or your time, you are busy doing it:
- Football occupies most of my leisure time.
occupy somebody with (doing) something
- Only six percent of police time is occupied with criminal incidents.
3- fill space to fill a particular amount of space
SYN take up
- Family photos occupied almost the entire wall.
4- control by force
MILITARY
to enter a place in a large group and keep control of it, especially by military force
➔ invade:
- an occupying army
- Students occupied Sofia University on Monday.
5- occupy somebody’s mind/ thoughts/ attention
if something occupies your mind etc, you think about that thing more than anything else
➔ preoccupy:
- Work will occupy your mind and help you forget about him.
6- use to use something such as a room, seat, or bed:
- Many patients who are occupying hospital beds could be transferred to other places.
7- official position
to have an official position or job
42
Sparse
| spɑːs
existing only in small amounts
| rural areas with sparse populations
43
Swing
| swɪŋ
1- to make regular movements forwards and backwards or from one side to another while hanging from a particular point, or to make something do this
2- a noticeable change in opinions or emotions
## Footnote
- She suffers from mood swings.
- Let your arms swing as you walk.
44
Violent
| ˈvaɪələnt
involving actions that are intended to injure or kill people, by hitting them, shooting them etc
| violent clashes between the police and demonstrators
## Footnote
Collocations:
- become violent
- get violent
Word families:
- violence (n.)
- violent (adj.)
- violently (adv.)
45
Extreme
| ɪkˈstriːm
1- very great in degree
2- very unusual and severe or serious
| Force is only justified in extreme circumstances.
## Footnote
Word families:
- extreme (n.)
- extreme (adj.)
- extremely (adv.)
46
Transitional
| trænˈzɪʃənəl,
relating to a period during which something is changing from one state or form into another
| a transitional period during the switch to the Euro
47
Fringe
| frɪndʒ
1- if you have a fringe, your hair is cut so that it hangs down over your forehead
2- the edge of something
| Nina remained on the fringe of the crowd.
48
Diverse
| daɪˈvɜːs
very different from each othe
| subjects as diverse as pop music and archaeology
## Footnote
Word families:
- diversify (v.)
- diversity (n.)
- diverse (adj.)
49
Adapt
| əˈdæpt
to gradually change your behaviour and attitudes in order to be successful in a new situation
| The children are finding it hard to adapt to the new school.
50
Thrive
| θraɪv
to become very successful or very strong and healthy
| a business which managed to thrive during a recession
51
Resilient
| rɪˈzɪliənt
tough
| The company proved remarkably resilient during the recession.
## Footnote
Word families:
- resilience (n.)
- resilient (adj.)
- resiliently (adv.)
52
Stressor
| ˈstres.ɚ
1- something that causes stress
2- something that causes great difficulties
| constant noise can be stressor.
## Footnote
Word families:
- stress (n.)
- stressor (n.)
- stress (v.)
- stressful (adj)
53
Minimize
| ˈmɪnɪəmaɪz
to reduce something that is difficult, dangerous, or unpleasant to the smallest possible amount or degree
| Every effort is being made to minimize civilian casualties.
54
Moisture
| ˈmɔɪstʃə
small amounts of water that are present in the air, in a substance, or on a surface
| Plants use their roots to absorb moisture from the soil.
55
# Adjective
Prolific
| prəˈlɪfɪk
1- a prolific artist, writer etc produces many works of art, books etc
2- existing in large numbers
| Handel’s prolific output of opera.
56
Mechanism
| ˈmekənɪzəm
a system that is intended to achieve something or deal with a problem
| When a person is ill, the body’s natural defence mechanisms come into op
57
Evaporate
| ɪˈvæpəreɪt
if a liquid evaporates, or if heat evaporates it, it changes into a gas
| The sun evaporates moisture on the leaves.
58
Dilute
| daɪˈluːt
1- to make a liquid weaker by adding water or another liquid➔ water down
2- to make a quality, belief etc weaker or less effective
| diluted fruit juice
59
Determine
| dɪˈtɜːmɪən
1- to find out the facts about something
2- _to decide to do something_
| Investigators are still trying to determine the cause of the fire.
60
Accumulate
| əˈkjuːmjʊəleɪt
to gradually get more and more money, possessions, knowledge etc over a period of time
| It is unjust that a privileged few should continue to accumulate wealth.
61
Focus
| ˈfəʊkəs
to give special attention to one particular person or thing, or to make people do this
| We need to focus public attention on this issue.
62
Indistinct
| ˌɪndɪˈstɪŋkt◂
an indistinct sound, image, or memory cannot be seen, heard, or remembered clearly
| My memory of what happened next is indistinct.
63
Blur
| blɜː
a shape that you cannot see clearly
| I saw the blur of the car as it passed in front of me.
64
Unconscious
| ʌnˈkɒnʃəs
unable to see, move, feel etc in the normal way because you are not conscious
| She was found alive but unconscious.
65
# adj.
Peripheral
| pəˈrɪfərəl
قدامی
at the edge
| the city’s peripheral suburbs
66
Tolerate
| ˈtɒləreɪt
to be able to accept something unpleasant or difficult, even though you do not like it
| I couldn’t tolerate the long hours.
## Footnote
Word families:
* tolerance (n.)
* tolerate (v.)
* tolerant (adj.)
67
Vision
| ˈvɪʒən
the ability to see
| Tears blurred her vision
68
Athlete
| ˈæθliːt
someone who competes in sports competitions, especially running, jumping, and throwing
| I was a natural athlete as a kid.
69
Demonstrate
| ˈdemənstreɪt
1- to show or prove something clearly
2- to protest or support something in public with a lot of other people
| The study demonstrates the link between poverty and malnutrition.
## Footnote
Word families:
* demonstration (n.)
* demonstrate (v.)
* demonstrative (adj.)
70
Range
| reɪndʒ
a number of people or things that are all different, but are all of the same general type
## Footnote
Collocations:
* at close range [I’ve never seen a member of the royal family at such close range before. [so near]]
71
Performance
| pəˈfɔːməns
1- when someone performs a play or a piece of music
2- how well or badly a person, company etc does a particular job or activity
| This evening’s performance will begin at 8.00 pm.
## Footnote
Word families:
* performance (n.)
* performer (n.)
* perform (v.)
72
Detect
| dɪˈtekt
to notice or discover something, especially something that is not easy to see, hear etc:
| Many forms of cancer can be cured if detected early.
73
Maneuver
| məˈnuːvə
a skilful or careful movement that you make, for example in order to avoid something or go through a narrow space
| A careful driver stops talking before carrying out a complex manoeuvre.
74
Distract
| dɪˈstrækt
to take someone’s attention away from something by making them look at or listen to something else
##footnote
Coverage of the war was used to **distract attention** from other matter
75
Anticipate
| ænˈtɪsɪəpeɪt
to expect that something will happen and be ready for it
| Sales are better than anticipated.
76
Scan
| skæn
to examine an area carefully but quickly, often because you are looking for a particular person or thing
| He scanned the horizon, but there was no sign of the ship.
77
Complicate
| ˈkɒmplɪəkeɪt
to make a problem or situation more difficult
## Footnote
To complicate matters further, differences exist as regards legal systems, trade customs, and language.
Word families:
* complicated (adj.)
* complicate (v.)
* complication (n.)
78
Coordinate
| kəʊˈɔːdɪəneɪt
to organize an activity so that the people involved in it work well together and achieve a good result
| The agencies are working together to co-ordinate policy on food safety.
## Footnote
Word families:
* coordination (n.)
* coordinate (v.)
* coordinated (adj.)
79
Boundary
| ˈbaʊndəri
the real or imaginary line that marks the edge of a state, country etc, or the edge of an area of land that belongs to someone
| boundary disputes between neighbouring countries
80
Indiscernible
| ˌɪndɪ'səːnɪb(ə)l
impossible to see or clearly distinguish.
| The path was almost indiscernible in the mist.
81
Entertainment
| ˌentəˈteɪnmənt
things such as films, television, performances etc that are intended to amuse or interest people
| There will be live entertainment throughout the day.
## Footnote
Word families:
* entertainment (n.)
* entertainer (n.)
* entertain (v.)
* entertaining (adj.)
82
Century
| sentʃəri
a period of 100 years
## Footnote
Collocations:
* early 21stcentury [Her son is on early 21st century fiction]
83
Ancient
| ˈeɪnʃənt
belonging to a time long ago in history, especially thousands of years ago
| the ancient civilizations of Asia
84
Found
| faʊnd
to start something such as an organization, company, school, or city, often by providing the necessary money
| Eton College was founded by Henry VI in 1440.
85
Venue
| ˈvenjuː
a place where an organized meeting, concert etc takes place
| The band will play (=perform at) as many venues as possible.
86
Popular
| ˈpɒpjʊələ
liked by a lot of people
## Footnote
Collocations:
* become popular
* popular belief [Contrary to popular belief, it is not true that blondes are dumb.]
Word families:
* popularity (n.)
* popularize (v.)
* popular (adj.)
* populartly (adv.)
87
Spectator
| spekˈteɪtə
someone who is watching an event or game, Audience
| The match attracted over 40,000 spectators.
88
Exhibit
| ɪgˈzɪbɪət
1- to show something in a public place so that people can go to see it
2- to clearly show a particular quality, emotion, or ability
| a patient who is exhibiting classic symptoms of mental illness
89
Exotic
| ɪgˈzɒtɪk
something that is exotic seems unusual and interesting because it is related to a foreign country – use this to show approval
| exotic birds
exotic places
90
Renovation
| ˌrenəˈveɪʃən
the act of repairing a building or old furniture so that it is in good condition again
| The hotel has been renovated and redecorated.
91
Massive
| ˈmæsɪv
very large, solid, and heavy
| The bell is massive, weighing over 40 tons.
92
Remnant
| ˈremnənt
a small part of something that remains after the rest of it has been used, destroyed, or eaten
##footnote
The **remnants of** a meal stood on the table.
93
Permanently
| ˈpɜːmənəntli
always, or for a very long time
| The accident left him permanently disabled.
94
Reduce
| rɪˈdjuːs
to make something smaller or less in size, amount, or price
| The governor announced a new plan to reduce crime.
## Footnote
Collocations:
* reduce the impact [The government hopes to reduce/minimise the impact of the new taxes.]
95
Band
| bænd
a group of people formed because of a common belief or purpose
| a small band of volunteers
bands of soldiers
96
Trainer
| ˈtreɪnə
someone who trains people or animals for sport or work
| a racehorse trainer
## Footnote
Word families:
* trainer (n.)
* train (v.)
* trained (adj.)
97
Develop
| dɪˈveləp
to grow or change into something bigger, stronger, or more advanced, or to make someone or something do this
| Corsica has developed its economy around the tourist industry.
## Footnote
Word families:
* development (n.)
* developer (n.)
* develop (v.)
98
Talent
| ˈtælənt
a natural ability to do something well:
| She **showed** a **talent** for acting at an early age.
## Footnote
Collocations:
* musical talent [He’s got no musical talent whatsoever.]
99
Survive
| səˈvaɪv
to continue to live after an accident, war, or illness
| people who survive cancer
## Footnote
Word families:
* survival (n.)
* survivor (n.)
* survive (v.)
100
Grandeur
| ˈgrændʒə
عظمت
impressive beauty, power, or size
| the grandeur of the mountains
101
# n.
Obesity
| əʊˈbiːsɪəti
when someone is very fat in a way that is unhealthy
102
Physical
| ˈfɪzɪkəl
related to someone’s body rather than their mind or emotion
103
# adj.
Crucial
| ˈkruːʃəl
very important
| This aid money is crucial to the government’s economic policies.
## Footnote
Collocations:
* play a crucial role/ part in something [Parents play a crucial role in preparing their children for adult life]
104
# adj.
Intellectual
| ˌɪntɪəˈlektʃuəl◂
related to thinking
| a job that requires considerable intellectual effort
105
Overwhelming
| ˌəʊvəˈwelmɪŋ
having such a great effect on you that you feel confused and do not know how to react
| an overwhelming sense of guilt
106
Suffer
| ˈsʌfə
to experience physical or mental pain
| At least he died suddenly and didn’t suffer.
## Footnote
Collocations:
* suffer from [She has **suffered from asthma** all her life.]
* suffer the consequences [Anyone who commits a crime has to **suffer the consequences**.]
107
Merely
| ˈmɪəli
only
used to emphasize how small or unimportant something or someone is
| He’s merely a boy – you can’t expect him to understand.
108
Emotion
| ɪˈməʊʃən
a strong human feeling such as love, hate, or anger:
| Her voice was full of emotion.
## Footnote
Collocations:
* be devoid of emotion formal (not showing or feeling any emotion) [I find his books completely devoid of emotion.]
* conceal your emotions [Laura could not conceal her emotions, or pretend to feel something she did not.]
Word families:
* emotion (n.)
* emotional (adj.)
* emotionally (adv.)
109
# v.
Rejuvenate
| rɪˈdʒuːvəneɪt
to refresh, restore
| plans to rejuvenate the inner city areas
110
Deliberately
| dɪˈlɪbərɪətli
done in a way that is intended or planned
| He deliberately upset her.
## Footnote
Word families:
* deliberation (n.)
* deliberate (v.)
* deliberate (adj.)
* deliberatly (adv.)
111
Passive
| ˈpæsɪv
someone who is passive tends to accept things that happen to them or things that people say to them, without taking any action
| their passive acceptance of their fate
112
# n.
Pastime
| ˈpɑːstaɪm
a free time activity
| Reading was her favourite pastime.
113
# adj.
Reluctant
| rɪˈlʌktənt
not wanting to do somthing; unwilling
| She gave a reluctant smile.
## Footnote
Word families:
* reluctance (n.)
* reluctant (adj.)
* reluctantly (adv.)
114
Depression
| dɪˈpreʃən
a feeling of sadness that makes you think there is no hope for the future:
| Lucy’s mood was one of deep depression.
115
Authority
| ɔːˈθɒrɪəti
someone who knows a lot about a subject and whose knowledge and opinions are greatly respected
| Mr Li is a leading authority on Chinese food.
## Footnote
Collocations:
* exercise/ exert your authority (also wield authority formal) (=use your authority) [In practice it’s very difficult for the president to exercise his authority.]
Word families:
* authority (n.)
* authorize (v.)
* authoritative (adj.)
* authoritatively (adv.)
116
# v.
Acknowledge
| əkˈnɒlɪdʒ
to admit or accept that something is true or that a situation exists
| The family acknowledge the need for change
117
Obvious
| ˈɒbviəs
easy to notice or understand:
| It might be **obvious to** you, but it isn’t to me.
118
Chunk
| tʃʌŋk
a large thick piece of something that does not have an even shape:
| a **chunk of** bread
119
# adj.
Industrious
| ɪnˈdʌstriəs
hard-working
## Footnote
Word families:
* industry (n.)
* industrious (adj.)
* industriously (adv.)
120
Engage
| ɪnˈgeɪdʒ
to participate in something
| Despite her illness, she remains actively engaged in shaping policy.
121
# adj.
Tricky
| ˈtrɪki
Difficult
122
# v.
Cast
| kæst
to throw light on something
| research findings that cast new light on the origin of our universe
123
# adj.
Vulnerable
| ˈvʌlnərəbəl
Weak; without defence
| He took advantage of me when I was at my most vulnerable.
124
# n.
Disaster
| dɪˈzæstər
a terrible event
| the economic consequences of the Chernobyl nuclear disaster
125
Portable
| ˈpɔːrtəbəl
able to be carried or moved easily
126
Freight
| freɪt
goods that are carried by ship, train, or aircraft, and the system of moving these goods
127
Innovation
| ˌɪnəˈveɪʃən
a new idea, method, or invention
| recent **innovations in** English teaching
## Footnote
Word families:
* innovation (n.)
* innovator (n.)
* innovate (v.)
128
Illuminator
| ɪˌluːmɪəˈneɪtər
an object that produces light
## Footnote
Word families:
* illuminator (n.)
* illumination (n.)
* illuminate (v.)
129
Knot
| nɑːt
a hard bump in wood
## Footnote
Are you any good at **tying knots**?
130
Locomotive
| ˌloʊkəˈmoʊtɪv
131
Reflector
| rɪˈflektər
an object that sends light back or makes it stronger
## Footnote
Word families:
* reflector (n.)
* reflection (n.)
* reflect (v.)
* reflective (adj.)
132
Generate
| ˈdʒenəreɪt
to make or produce
| Tourism generates income for local communities.
## Footnote
Word families:
* generator (n.)
* generation (n.)
* generate (v.)
133
# v.
Display
| dɪˈspleɪ
to show or exhibit
| shop windows displaying the latest fashions
134
# adj.
Intense
| ɪnˈtens
very strong
| Young people today are under intense pressure to succeed.
## Footnote
Collocations:
* **intense competition:** There is intense competition for places on the course.
* **intense dislike**: He had taken an intense dislike to Robert.
Word families:
* intensity (n.)
* intensify (n.)
* intense (adj.)
* intensely (adv.)
135
# n.
Drawback
| ˈdrɒːbæk
a problem; disadvantage
| It’s a great city – the only drawback is the weather.
136
Equip
| ɪˈkwɪp
to provide with something
137
Efficient
| ɪˈfɪʃənt
able to work without waste
## Footnote
Word families:
* efficiency (n.)
* efficient (adj.)
* efficiently (adv.)
138
Mode
| moʊd
method
139
Stringent
| ˈstrɪndʒənt
a stringent law, rule, standard etc is very strict and must be obeyed
| stringent anti-noise regulations
140
# adj.
Rugged
| ˈrʌgɪəd
Strong; able to stand rough treatment
141
# adj.
Instrinsic
| ɪnsˈtrɪnzɪk
being a basic or natural characteristic
| the **intrinsic interest** of the subject
142
Underground
| ˈʌndərgraʊnd
below the ground
143
# n.
Centerpiece
| ˈsentərpiːs
the main or the most important feature
##footnote
The **centrepiece of** Bevan’s policy was the National Health Service.
144
# n.
Pedestrian
| pɪəˈdestriən
a person traveling on foot
145
Clog
| klɑːg
to fill so much as to make movement difficult
| tourists whose cars clog the roads each summer
146
# adj.
Disruptive
| dɪsˈrʌptɪv
stopping the usual course of activity
## Footnote
Word families:
* disruption (n.)
* disrupt (v.)
* disruptive (adj.)
147
# v.
Release
| rɪˈliːs
to let something out
148
# n.
Vent
| vent
an opening to let air, steam, or smoke out
| a blocked **air vent**
149
# n.
Operation
| ˌɑːpəˈreɪʃən
the working of something; being used
## Footnote
Word families:
* operation (n.)
* operator (n.)
* operate (v.)
150
# n.
Destruction
| dɪˈstrʌkʃən
destroy
| **weapons of mass destruction**
## Footnote
Word families:
* destruction (n.)
* destroy (v.)
* destructive (adj.)
151
Expand
| ɪkˈspænd
to make bigger
| Sydney’s population **expanded rapidly** in the 1960s.
## Footnote
Word families:
* expansion (n.)
* expand (v.)
* expandable (adj.)
152
Shield
| ʃiːld
Something that serve as protection
## Footnote
The immune system is our body’s **shield against** infection.
153
Surface
| ˈsɜːrfɪəs
the outer part or top of something
154
Rival
| ˈraɪvəl
competitor
## Footnote
Collocations:
* rival company
155
Architecture
| ˈɑːrkɪətektʃər
the style and design of a building or buildings
| the **architecture of** Venice
## Footnote
Word families:
* architect (n.)
* architecture (n.)
* architectural (adj.)
* architecturally (adv.)
156
Decorate
| ˈdekəreɪt
## Footnote
Word families:
* decoration (n.)
* decorator (n.)
* decorate (v.)
* decorative (adv.)
157
Showcase
| ˈʃoʊkeɪs
a setting in which to present something
##footnote
The new musical is a good **showcase for** her talents.
158
# v.
Utilize
| ˈjuːtɪəlaɪz
to use
159
Headquarter
| hedˈkwɔːtəd
central office for a military commander
160
Spring up
| sprIŋ
to suddenly appear or start to exist
| Fast-food restaurants are springing up all over town.
161
# adj.
Autonomous
| ɒːˈtɑːnəməs
operating independently without outside control
## Footnote
Word families:
* autonomy (n.)
* autonomous (adj.)
* autonomously (adv.)
162
Vehicle
| ˈviːɪkəl
car or other machine used for transportation
| Have you locked your vehicle?
163
Advocate
| ˈædvəkeɪt
supporter
164
# v.
Tout
| taʊt
to praise; to recommend
| Nell is being touted as the next big thing in Hollywood.
165
Eliminate
| ɪˈlɪmɪəneɪt
to remove
166
Sensor
| ˈsensər
a piece of equipment used for discovering the presence of light, heat, movement etc
167
Constantly
| ˈkɒːnstəntli
always; without change
168
Adjust
| əˈdʒʌst
to change slightly
## Footnote
Word families:
* adjustment (n.)
* adjust (v.)
* adjustable (adj.)
169
Accordingly
| əˈkɔːrdɪŋli
* therefore
* matching a particular situation
170
# n.
Collision
| kəˈlɪʒən
crash
| Two people were killed in a **head-on collision**
171
Commuter
| kəˈmjuːtər
someone who travels a long distance to work every day
## Footnote
Word families:
* commuter (n.)
* commute (n.)
* commute (v.)
172
Congested
| kənˈdʒestɪəd
full of traffic
| London’s roads are **heavily congested **
173
Emmision
| ɪˈmɪʃən
pollution thrown into the air by cars or factories
174
Urban
| ˈɜrːbən
relating to towns and cities
OPP rural
175
Critic
| ˈkrɪtɪk
a person expressing a negative opinion about something
## Footnote
Word families:
* critic (n.)
* criticism (n.)
* criticize (v.)
176
Challenge
| ˈtʃælɪəndʒ
a difficulty to be overcome
177
Interfere
| ˌɪntərˈfɪr
to prevent something from happening or functioning in the proper way
| It’s not the church’s job to interfere in politics.
178
Upgrade
| ʌpˈgreɪd
to improve
179
Predict
| prɪˈdɪkt
to make a guessabout the future
## Footnote
Word families:
* prediction (n.)
* predict (v.)
* predictable (adj.)
* unpredictable (adj.)
180
Apply
| əˈplaɪ
to use something for a certain purpose
## Footnote
Word families:
* application (n.)
* apply (v.)
* applicable (adj.)
181
Civilization
| ˌsɪvələl-aɪˈzeɪʃən
human society, its organization and culture
| **the dawn of civilization**
182
Attribute
| əˈtrɪbjuːt
to give credit for or see as the origin of something
| a saying usually attributed to Confucius
183
Creator
| kriˈeɪtə
inventor
## Footnote
Word families:
* creator (n.)
* creation (n.)
* create (v.)
* creative (adj.)
* creativity (adv.)
184
Mythology
| mɪˈθɑːlədʒi
set of traditional stories used to explain the origins of things
| the mythology of the Persians
## Footnote
Word families:
* mythology (n.)
* myth (n.)
* mythological (adj.)
185
# v.
Settle
| ˈsetl
to establish a permanent place to live
| This territory was settled in the mid-1850s by German immigrants.
186
Scholar
| ˈskɑːlər
an intelligent and well-educated person:
| the great Dutch scholar Erasmus
187
# adj.
Agricultural
| ˈægrɪˌkʌltʃəra:l
related to farming
## Footnote
Word families:
* agriculture (n.)
* agricultural (adj.)
* agriculturally
188
Property
| prɑːpərti
something that is owned
##footnote
Some of the **stolen property** was found in Mason’s house.
189
Token
| ˈtoʊkən
an object used to represent something else
| Please accept this gift as a small token of our appreciation.
190
Tablet
| ˈtæblɪət
a thin, flat piece of material to write on
191
Excavation
| ˌekskəˈveɪʃən
an area of digging, especially to find objects from past cultures
## Footnote
Word families:
* excavation (n.)
* excavator (n.)
* excavate (v.)
192
Adopt
| əˈdɑːpt
to accept or start to use something new
193
Carve
| kɑːrv
to cut and shape hard material
| a statue carved from a single block of marble
194
Encompass
| ɪnˈkʌmpəs
to include a wide range of ideas, subjects, etc
| The study encompasses the social and political aspects of the situation.
195
Inscribe
| ɪnˈskraɪb
to mark a surface with words or letters
نوشتن
| Inside the cover someone had inscribed the words ‘To Thomas, with love’
196
Structure
| ˈstrʌktʃər
something that is built, such as a building or bridge
197
Deed
| diːd
an act, especially a good or bad one
عملکرد، کردار
##footnote
After the morning’s good deeds he deserved a rest.
198
Specialized
| ˈspeʃəlaɪzd
relating to a particular area or type of works
##footnote
the **highly specialized** plants that live in desert areas
199
Literacy
| ˈlɪtərəsi
the ability to read and write
| a new adult literacy campaign
## Footnote
Word families:
* literacy (n.)
* illiteracy (n.)
* literate (adj.)
* illiterate (adj.)
200
# v.
Function
| ˈfʌŋkʃən
to perform well
