Essential words - Unessential 3 Flashcards
(201 cards)
1
Q
Nourishment
ˈnʌrɪʃmənt
A
the food and other substances that people and other living things need to live, grow, and stay healthy
lack of proper nourishment
2
Q
Cultivate
ˈkʌltɪəveɪt
A
to plant and take care of a particular crop
SYN: Grow
We cultivated maize and watermelons.
3
Q
Gratitude
ˈgrætɪətuːd
A
the feeling of being grateful
OPP: Ingratitude
She had a deep gratitude towards David, but she did not love him.
سپاسگذاری، قدردانی
4
Q
Existentialism
ˌegzɪˈstenʃəlɪzəm
A
the belief in philosophy that people are responsible for their own actions and experiences, and that the world has no meaning
کار ما نیست شناسایی راز گل سرخ
کار ما این است شاید این است که در افسون گل سرخ شناور باشیم
5
Q
Regular
ˈregjʊələr
A
1- of a normal or standard size
2- happening every hour, every week, every month etc, usually with the same amount of time in between
a regular Coke
6
Q
Conduct
kənˈdʌkt
A
to carry out a particular activity or process, especially in order to get information or prove facts
اجرا کردن، اداره کردن
7
Q
Mere
mɪr
A
used to emphasize that something which is small or not extreme has a big effect or is important
The mere fact that the talks are continuing is a positive sign.
8
Q
To pose as
A
to pretend to be someone else, in order to deceive people
Bryce was caught posing as a lawyer.
9
Q
Shore
ʃɔːr
A
the land along the edge of a large area of water such as an ocean or lake
She began to swim to shore.
10
Q
Bubble over
A
to be excited
Mary was bubbling over with excitement.
11
Q
Result in
A
to make something happen
SYN: Cause
an accident that resulted in the death of two passengers
12
Q
Rejuvenate
rɪˈdʒuːvəneɪt
A
to make something work much better or become much better again
plans to rejuvenate the inner city areas
13
Q
Debauchery
dɪˈbɑːtʃəri
A
immoral behaviour involving drugs, alcohol, sex etc
a life of debauchery
14
Q
Outshine
aʊtˈʃaɪn
A
to be better or more impressive than someone or something else
Several new players outshone the veterans.
15
Q
Revere
rɪˈvɪər
A
to respect and admire someone or something very much
He is revered as a national hero.
16
Q
Cacti
kækti
A
Plural form of cactus
17
Q
adj.
Cubist
ˈkjuːbɪst
A
cubism
a 20th-century style of art, in which objects and people are represented by geometric shapes
18
Q
Gobble up
gɒ:bəl
A
to eat something very quickly, especially in an impolite or greedy way
SYN: Wolf
Don’t gobble your food!
19
Q
Surge
sɜːrdʒ
A
to suddenly increase
SYN: Shoot up
Oil prices surged.
20
Q
Captivate
ˈkæptɪəveɪt
A
to attract someone very much, and hold their attention
He was captivated by her beauty.
21
Q
Potluck
ˌpɒ:tˈlʌk◂
A
to have a meal at someone’s home in which you eat whatever they have available, rather than food which has been specially bought for the occasion
I’m not sure what there is in the fridge – you’ll have to take pot luck.
22
Q
Pundit
ˈpʌndɪət
A
متخصص
someone who is often asked to give their opinion publicly of a situation or subjec
If you believe the fashion pundits, we’ll all be wearing pink this year.
23
Q
Acquaint
əˈkweɪnt
A
to deliberately find out about something
I need to acquaint myself with the new regulations.
24
Q
Entrust
ɪnˈtrʌst
A
to make someone responsible for doing something important, or for taking care of someone
I was entrusted with the task of looking after the money.
25
Stark
| stɑːrk
unpleasantly clear and impossible to avoid
SYN: Harsh
| We are faced with a **stark choice**.
26
Segregation
| ˌsegrɪˈgeɪʃən
when people of different races, sexes, or religions are kept apart so that they live, work, or study separately
| **racial segregation**
27
Glasnost
| ˈglɑːsnoʊst
the policy begun by Mikhail Gorbachev in the USSR in the 1980s of allowing discussion of the country’s problems
28
Pearl
| pɜːrl
a small round white object that forms inside an oyster, and is a valuable jewel
| a **pearl necklace**
29
# Adj.
Contrary
| ˈkɑːntreri
contrary ideas, opinions, or actions are completely different and opposed to each other
SYN: Opposing
| The government’s actions are contrary to the public interest.
30
Millennium
| mɪˈleniəm
a period of 1,000 years
Plural: Millennia
31
Spectacular
| spekˈtækjʊələr
very impressive
| a mountainous area with spectacular scenery
32
# n.
Monument
| ˈmɒ:njʊəmənt
a building, statue, or other large structure that is built to remind people of an important event or famous person
## Footnote
a fitting monument to the men who died in the battle
33
Bygone
| ˈbaɪgɒ:n
a period of time in the past
| The buildings reflect the elegance of a bygone era.
34
Irrigate
| ˈɪrɪəgeɪt
to supply land or crops with water
| The water in Lake Powell is used to irrigate the area.
35
Utilitarian
| juːˌtɪlɪəˈteriən
intended to be useful and practical rather than attractive or comfortable
| ugly utilitarian buildings
36
Heyday
| ˈheɪdeɪ
the time when someone or something was most popular, successful, or powerful
| Greta Garbo in her heyday
37
Worship
| ˈwɜːrʃɪp
The activity of praying or singing in a religious building in order to show respect and love for a god
| The ceremony must take place in a recognized **place of worship**.
38
Comprise
| kəmˈpraɪz
to consist of particular parts, groups etc
SYN: Constitute
## Footnote
Iran comprise 24 country.
⚠ Do not say that something ‘comprises of’ things or people.
39
Recede
| rɪˈsiːd
if your hair recedes, you gradually lose the hair at the front of your head
| He was in his mid-forties, with a **receding hairline**.
40
Storey
| ˈstɔːri
a floor or level of a building
| a staircase leads to the **upper storey**
41
Intricate
| ˈɪntrɪkɪət
containing many small parts or details that all work or fit together➔ complex
| **intricate patterns**
42
Scalpture
| ˈskʌlptʃə
an object made out of stone, wood, clay etc by an artist
| a sculpture of an elephant
43
Embellish
| ɪmˈbelɪʃ
to make something more beautiful by adding decorations to it
SYN: Decorate
| The dress was embellished with gold threads.
44
Comb
| Kom
to make hair look tidy using a comb
| Melanie ran upstairs to **comb** her **hair**.
45
Churning butter
Churning is the process of shaking up cream or whole milk to make butter, usually using a butter churn.
46
Derelict
| ˈderɪəlɪkt
a derelict building or piece of land is in very bad condition because it has not been used for a long time
47
Silt up
if something silts up or is silted up, it becomes filled with silt
48
Pristine
| ˈprɪstiːn
تر و تازه
extremely fresh or clean
| The car has been restored to **pristine condition**.
49
Afar
| əˈfɑːr
from a long distance away
| I saw him from afar.
50
Ornate
| ɔːrˈneɪt
covered with a lot of decoration
| an ornate gold mirror
51
Veranda
| vəˈrændə
an open area with a floor and a roof that is attached to the side of a house at ground level
SYN: Porch
52
Colonnade
| ˌkɒ:ləˈneɪd
a row of upright stone posts that usually support a roof or row of arches
53
# V.
Flock
| flɑːk
if people flock to a place, they go there in large numbers because something interesting or exciting is happening there
| People have been flocking to the exhibition.
54
Ingenuity
| ˌɪndʒəˈnjuːɪəti
skill at inventing things and thinking of new ideas
55
Conceive
| kənˈsiːv
to imagine a particular situation or to think about something in a particular way
| Niloofar can’t conceive of a dinner without rice.
56
Vigorious
| ˈvɪgərəs
using a lot of energy and strength or determination
| Your dog needs at least 20 minutes of **vigorous exercise** every day.
57
Inundate
| ˈɪnəndeɪt
اشباع ، سرشلوغ
to receive so much of something that you cannot easily deal with it all
SYN: Swamp
| After the broadcast, we were inundated with requests for more informatio
58
Shoddy
| ˈʃɒ:di
unfair and dishonest
| shoddy journalism
59
# v.
Infringe **on/upon** something
| ɪnˈfrɪndʒ
to limit someone’s freedom in some way
| Students argued that the rule infringed on their right to free speech.
## Footnote
تخلف کردن از، تجاوز کردن از
معانی دیگر: (قول و قرار یا قانون و غیره را) شکستن، تخطی کردن، زیر پا گذاشتن، (به حقوق دیگران) تجاوز کردن، تعدی
60
# n.
Avalanche
| ˈævəlɑntʃ
a large mass of snow, ice, and rocks that falls down the side of a mountain
| **an avalanche of something**: He received an avalanche of applications.
## Footnote
The avalanche that followed the heavy snowfall was as sudden as it was deadly.
نزول ناگهانی و عظیم هر چیزی
معانی دیگر: هر چیزی که ناگهان و به مقدار زیاد فرا رسد، سیل، آوار برف، بهمن وار فروریختن، بشکل بهمن فرودامدن
61
Counterpart
| ˈkaʊntərpɑːrt
someone or something that has the same job or purpose as someone or something else in a different place
| Belgian officials are discussing this with their French counterparts.
62
# v.
Stipulate
| ˈstɪpjʊəleɪt
## Footnote
formal
f an agreement, law, or rule stipulates something, it must be done
**SYN: State**
| الزام آور کردن
## Footnote
The regulations **stipulate that** everything has to comply to the relevant safety standards.
63
# v.
Decree
| dɪˈkriː
to make an official judgment or give an official order
| The King **decreed that** there should **be** an end to the fighting.
## Footnote
حکم کردن
64
Comet
| ˈkɒ:mɪət
an object in space like a bright ball with a long tail, that moves around the sun
| Halley’s comet
65
Canyon
| ˈkænjən
a deep valley with very steep sides of rock that usually has a river running through it
66
# Adv.
In part
To some extent, partly (often used to contrast different parts of something)
| تا حدی
67
As if
Pretend to be
| گویی
68
Ornament
A thing used or serving to make sth look more attractive
| وسیله تزئینی
69
Smith
آهنگر
Metalsmith
Goldsmith
زرگر
70
Ferocity
وحشیگری
71
Demonic
اهریمنی
72
Debris
زباله
73
Constitute
تشکیل دادن
74
Costal plains
دشت های ساحلی
75
Outset
Beginning
76
Curtail
Set limit
77
Crops
محصولات
78
Deplete
خالی شدن
79
Patrol
گشت
80
Held Abeyance
متوقف شده
81
Advertent
آگاهانه
خودخواسته
Opp: inadvertent
82
Rigruous
سختگیر
83
Forgo
چشم پوشی کردن
84
Ancestor
جد
85
Pertinent
Related مرتبط
86
Substantial
قابل توجه
87
Mishap
|mis'hap
بدبختی
88
Subtly
بطور ظریف
89
Soothe
آرام کردن
90
Disguise
مبدل کردن
91
Burrow
زیر زمین لانه کردن
92
Spurs
خار
93
Impulsive
تکانشی، لحظهای بدون فکر به عواقب
94
Reconcile
سازگار کردن
وفق دادن
Bring into harmony
95
Abundant
فراوان
96
Stifle
خفه کردن ، خاموش کردن
97
Insomnia
بیخوابی
98
Apparent
آشکار
99
Consecutive
متوالی
100
Exemplary
نمونه
101
Neglect
بیتوجهی
102
Resembles
شبیه
103
# n.
Proprietor
| p(r)əˈprīədər
## Footnote
Formal
an owner of a business
| the proprietor **of** a small hotel and restaurant
## Footnote
مالک
newspaper/garage/cafe etc proprietor
104
# n.
Discrepancy
| ˌdisˈkrepənsē
a difference between two amounts, details, reports etc that should be the same
| Police **found discrepancies** ***in*** the two men’s reports.
## Footnote
Also: **discrepancy *between*** the ideal image of motherhood ***and*** the reality
اختلاف، تفاوت، عدم توافق
معانی دیگر: ناهم خوانی، تناقض
105
# v.
Perpetrate
| ˈpɜː.pə.treɪt
## Footnote
Formal
to commit a crime or a violent or harmful act
| Who could have perpetrated such a dreadful crime?
## Footnote
مرتکب شدن، مقصر بودن، مرتکب کردن
106
Dissolve
| dəˈzälv
(A) **BECOME PART OF LIQUID**: if a solid dissolves, or if you dissolve it, it mixes with a liquid and becomes part of it Stir until the sugar dissolves.
* dissolve **in**:
*Sugar dissolves in water.*
* dissolve **something in something**:
*Dissolve the tablet in water.*
(B) **END** to formally end a parliament, business arrangement, marriage etc
*The monarch had the power to dissolve parliament.*
(C) → **dissolve into/in laughter/tears etc**
(D) **BECOME WEAKER**: to gradually become smaller or weaker before disappearing, or to make something do this
| Her enthusiasm dissolved his shyness.
## Footnote
محلول شدن، حل کردن، منحل کردن
107
Halve
| hav
نصف کردن
108
Proclivity
##footnote
prōˈklivədē
تمایل
a tendency to choose or do something regularly; an inclination or predisposition toward a particular thing
##footnote
A proclivity for hard work
109
Severe
##footnoot
se'vir
شدید
110
Rear
Rear child
تربیت
111
Supplanted
جایگزین شده
112
Demintia
زوال عقل
معمولیترینش آلزایمر هست
113
Apt
| æpt
to have a natural tendency to do something
SYN: Tend to
| Some of the staff are apt to arrive late on Mondays.
## Footnote
برخی از کارکنان این امکان را دارند که روزهای دوشنبه دیر بیایند.
متمایل
114
Tally
| ˈtalē
calculate the total number of
| the votes were being tallied with abacuses.
## Footnote
شمارش
115
Tally
| ˈtalē
calculate the total number of
| the votes were being tallied with abacuses.
## Footnote
شمارش
116
Rebate
| 'rēˌbāt
Refund
117
Mound
| mound
a small hill.
118
Hover
| ˈhəvər
تو یه سطح خاصی یا نزدیکش باقی مومونه
remain at or near a particular level
| inflation will hover around the 4 percent mark.
119
Arithmetic
| əˈriTHməˌtik
حسابی
| Arithmetic means
میانگین حسابی
120
Inclusive
| inˈklo͞osiv
including
121
Sophomore
| ˈsäf(ə)ˌmôr
a second-year college or high school student
| Freshman: a first-year college or high school student
## Footnote
her 16-year-old twin sons are sophomores | [as modifier] : Frances taught sophomore English.
122
Dispersion
| diˈspərSHən
the extent to which values of a variable differ from a fixed value such as the mean.
| پراکندگی
123
# Adj.
Roundabout
| ˈroundəˌbout
not saying what is meant clearly and directly; circumlocutory
| in a roundabout way, he was fishing for information.
124
Pervasive
| pərˈvāsiv
(especially of an unwelcome influence or physical effect) spreading widely throughout an area or a group of people
| همه گیر
ageism is pervasive and entrenched in our society.
125
Urban
| ˈərbən
in, relating to, or characteristic of a town or city
| the urban population.
## Footnote
شهری
126
Disperse
| dəˈspərs
distribute or spread over a wide area
## Footnote
storms can disperse seeds via high altitudes | camping sites could be **dispersed among** trees so as to be out of sight.
127
Foci
| ˈfōˌkī
Focuses
128
Squarley
| ˈskwerlē
directly, without deviating to one side
| Ashley looked at him squarely.
129
Overlook
| ˌōvərˈlo͝ok
fail to notice (something)
| he seems to have overlooked one important fact.
## Footnote
نادیده گرفتن
130
Emperical
based on, concerned with, or verifiable by observation or experience rather than theory or pure logic
| شواهد تجربی emperical evidence
## Footnote
they provided considerable empirical evidence to support their argument.
131
Refutation
| ˌrefyəˈtāSH(ə)n
the action of proving a statement or theory to be wrong or false
## Footnote
scientific theory is always tentative, open to refutation | [count noun] : he fails to give a clear refutation of the argument.
132
Confound
| kənˈfound
گیج کردن
cause surprise or confusion in (someone), especially by acting against their expectations
| the inflation figure confounded economic analysts.
133
Eradicate
| əˈradəˌkāt
destroy completely; put an end to
| this disease has been eradicated from the world.
## Footnote
ریشه کن کردن
134
Harbour
| ˈhärbər
شک و تردید
keep (a thought or feeling, typically a negative one) in one's mind, especially secretly
| she started to harbor doubts about the wisdom of their journey.
135
Litigation
| ˌlidəˈɡāSHən
the process of taking legal action
دعوی قضایی
| the company wishes to avoid litigation.
136
Presupposition
| ˌprēˌsəpəˈziSH(ə)n
a thing tacitly assumed beforehand at the beginning of a line of argument or course of action
| images that challenge presuppositions about feminine handiwork.
## Footnote
پیش فرض
137
# v.
Remedy
| ˈremədē
set right (an undesirable situation)
| رفع یک مشکل
## Footnote
by the time a problem becomes patently obvious, it may be almost too late to remedy it.
138
Arbitrary
| ˈärbəˌtrerē
based on random choice or personal whim, rather than any reason or system
| his mealtimes were entirely arbitrary.
## Footnote
همینجوری دلبخواهی، خودسرانه
139
Blatantly
| ˈblāt(ə)ntlē
in an open and unashamed manner
| آشکارانه (وقیحانه طور)
## Footnote
yet another space show that blatantly disregarded scientific fact | [as submodifier] : she didn't want to be blatantly rude.
140
Purport
| pərˈpôrt
appear or claim to be or do something, especially falsely; profess
| she is not the person she purports to be.
## Footnote
تظاهر
مدعی
141
The name of seasons' months
Spring: March, April, May,
Summer: June, July, August,
Fall: September, October, November,
Winter: December, January, February,
142
Oppose
| əˈpōz
1. disapprove of and attempt to prevent, especially by argument
2. to fight or compete against another person or group in a battle, competition, or election:
## Footnote
* Those of you who oppose capital punishment.
کسانی از شما که مخالف مجازات اعدام هستند.
* He is opposed by two other candidates.
او با دو نامزد دیگر مخالف است.
143
# v.
Reared
| rir
(usually be reared) bring up and care for (a child) until they are fully grown, especially in a particular manner or place
## Footnote
he was born and reared in New York City | a generation reared on video.
144
# v.
Underlie
| ˌəndərˈlī
be a significant cause or basis of (something) even if not necessarily manifest or obvious
| زمینه ساز
## Footnote
the fundamental issue that underlies the conflict | the fear of loss underlay his extreme jealousy.
145
# adj.
Nominal
| ˈnämən(ə)l
(of a price or amount of money) very small; far below the real value or cost
| some firms charge only a nominal fee for the service.
146
# v.
Debilitate
| dəˈbiləˌtāt
## Footnote
Formal
make (someone) weak and infirm
ضعیف کردن، ناتوان کردن
| ضعیف کردن، ناتوان کردن
## Footnote
a weakness that debilitates him despite his overwhelming physical might.
147
Concede
| kənˈsēd
admit that something is true or valid after first denying or resisting it
| اعتراف کردن
## Footnote
[with clause] : I had to concede that I'd overreacted | [with object] : that principle now seems to have been conceded.
148
# n.
Lead
| leaded gasoline
سرب
149
Tamper
| ˈtampər
(tamper with) interfere with (something) in order to cause damage or make unauthorized alterations
| خرابکاری ، دستکاری
## Footnote
someone tampered with the brakes on my car.
150
Contaminate
| kənˈtamənāt
make (something) impure by exposure to or addition of a poisonous or polluting substance
| آلوده کردن
## Footnote
the site was found to be contaminated by radioactivity | figurative : celebrity has contaminated every aspect of public life.
151
Inadmissible
| ˌinədˈmisəb(ə)l
(especially of evidence in court) not accepted as valid.
| غیر قابل قبول
152
Drawn
| drôn
Can be formulate or perceive (a comparison or distinction)
## Footnote
the law drew a clear distinction between innocent and fraudulent misrepresentation.
153
Stimulus
| ˈstimyələs
محرک
## Footnote
a thing or event that evokes a specific functional reaction in an organ or tissue: areas of the brain which respond to auditory stimuli.
* a thing that rouses activity or energy in someone or something; a spur or incentive.
* an interesting and exciting quality: she loved the stimulus of the job.
* a set of temporary financial measures enacted by a government that is intended to encourage economic growth during a recession: the stimulus was created to save 150,000 jobs.
154
Gut instinct
| ɡʌt ˈɪnstɪŋkt
an instinctive feeling, as opposed to an opinion or idea based on facts.
غریزه درونی
| trusting his gut instinct
## Footnote
For all the wonders of modern technology, there is no substitute for the gut instinct of a skilled police officer.
155
Neutral
| ˈno͞otr(ə)l
not helping or supporting either side in a conflict, disagreement, etc.; impartial
| بی طرف ، خنثی
## Footnote
the tone was neutral, devoid of sentiment | a fairly neutral background will make any small splash of color stand out.
156
Incumbent
| inˈkəmbənt
the holder of an office or post
| the present incumbent will soon be retiring.
## Footnote
رئیس، متصدی
157
Justify
| ˈjəstəˌfī
show or prove to be right or reasonable
| the person appointed has fully justified our confidence.
## Footnote
تصدیق کردن، توجیه کردن، حق دادن، برهان آوردن، بیگناه دونستن
158
Recommence
| ˌrēkəˈmens
begin or cause to begin again
## Footnote
[no object] : the war recommenced | [with object] : it was agreed to recommence talks.
159
Counsel
| ˈkouns(ə)l
give advice to (someone)
| he was counseled by his supporters to return to Germany.
160
Intermediary
| ˌin(t)ərˈmēdēˌerē
لابلا - میانجی
Go between
## Footnote
In som CR questions, however, we'ss encounter conclusions that consists of **evidence**, premises, and, sometimes, intermediary conclusions; no conclusions are stated.
* evidence is plural. Do not say evidences!
161
Amalgamation
| əˌmalɡəˈmāSHən
the action, process, or result of combining or uniting
| ادغام
## Footnote
the threat of **amalgamation with** a competitor | an amalgamation of two separate companies.
162
Exhaustive
| iɡˈzôstiv
examining, including, or considering all elements or aspects; fully comprehensive
| جامع
## Footnote
she has undergone exhaustive tests since becoming ill.
163
Stencil
| ˈstensəl
to make a design, letters etc using a stencil
| طراحی مثل شابلون یا ابالفضل رو شله زرد
164
# n.
Well
a deep hole in the ground from which people take water
| She lowered her bucket into the well.
## Footnote
چاه
165
# v.
Well
1. if a liquid wells or wells up, it comes to the surface of something and starts to flow out
2. if a feeling wells or wells up in you, you start to feel it strongly
| اشک در چشمان هنا حلقه زد
## Footnote
I felt tears **well up** in my eyes.
Anger **welled up** within him.
166
Illicit
| ɪˈlɪsɪət
not allowed by laws or rules, or strongly disapproved of by society
SYN: illegal
| **illicit drugs**
the **illicit trade** in stolen cattle
167
Intravenous
| ˌɪntrəˈviːnəs◂
through or into a vein
## Footnote
intravenous injection
تزریق وریدی
168
Secluded
| sɪˈkluːdɪəd
very private and quite
| Mr.Taghi intravenously inject illicit drug in a secluded place
## Footnote
دنج و تاریک مثلا
169
Exacerbate
| ɪgˈzæsərbeɪt
to make a bad situation worse
| تشدید کردن
بدتر کردن
## Footnote
* The recession has exacerbated this problem.
* I don’t want to exacerbate the situation.
170
# v., n.
Spur
| spɜːr
(noun) any sharply pointed projection
(verb) to make an improvement or change happen faster
SYN: Encourage
| Lower taxes would spur investment and help economic growth.
## Footnote
برانگیختن، تحریک کردن
مالیات های پایین تر به سرمایه گذاری و کمک به رشد اقتصادی کمک می کند.
171
Condiment
| ˈkɒndɪəmənt
## Footnote
چاشنی
172
Eschew
| formal
to deliberately avoid doing or using something
| I had eschewed politics in favour of a life practising law.
173
Offset
| ˌɒːfˈset
if the cost or amount of something offsets another cost or amount, the two things have an opposite effect so that the situation remains the same
| جبران هزینه و خسارت
## Footnote
Cuts in prices for milk, butter, and cheese will be offset by direct payments to farmers.
174
Negation
175
Caveat
| ˈkæviæt
a warning that something may not be completely true, effective etc
| She will be offered treatment, with the caveat that it may not work.
## Footnote
اخطار
176
Cellar
| ˈselər
a room under a house or other building, often used for storing things
SYN: Basement
| a coal cellar
177
Merit
| ˈmerɪət
formal a good quality that makes someone or something deserve praise.
| There is never any merit in being second best.
## Footnote
شایستگی
178
# v.
Abstain
| əbˈsteɪn
to not do or have something you enjoy, especially alcohol or sex, usually for reasons of religion or health
| Pilots must **abstain from alcohol** for 24 hours before flying.
## Footnote
پرهیز کردن
Mnemonic: ab+stay(means stop)
179
Prison sentence
حکم زندان
## Footnote
Collocation:
* pass sentence formal (=officially say what someone’s punishment will be)It is now my duty to **pass sentence**.
صدور حکم
180
Upheaval
| ʌpˈhiːvəl
a very big change that often causes problems
| political upheaval
آشوب سیاسی
181
Point out
| Phrasal verb
To tell someone something that they did not already know or had not thought about
| خاطر نشان کردن
## Footnote
Some economists have pointed out that low inflation is not necessarily a good thing.
182
Hasty
| ˈheɪsti
done in a hurry, especially with bad results
SYN: Hurried
| عجولانه
## Footnote
1. He soon regretted his hasty decision.
2. **a hasty breakfast**
183
Rowdy
| ˈraʊdi
behaving in a noisy rough way that is likely to cause arguments and fighting
| gangs of rowdy youths
## Footnote
مزاحمت
184
Rectify
| ˈrektɪəfaɪ
to correct something that is wrong
SYN: Put right
| اصلاح کردن
## Footnote
I did my best to rectify the situation, but the damage was already done.
185
Subtly
| ˈsʌtli
not easy to notice or understand unless you pay careful attention
OPP: Obvious
| a subtle form of racism
## Footnote
زیر پوستی!
186
Provide vs. Present
provide means, supply (i.e., Students must provide proof that they are a student), whereas present means, show (i.e., Students must show their ID)
187
Proliferation
| prəˌlɪfəˈreɪʃən
a sudden increase in the amount or number of something
| the proliferation of Artificial Intelligence
## Footnote
گسترش فراگیر
188
Vehement
| ˈviːəmənt
showing very strong feelings or opinions
| Despite vehement opposition, the Act became law.
## Footnote
مخالفت سفت
189
Analogy
| əˈnælədʒi
something that seems similar between two situations, processes
| analogies between human and animal behaviour
## Footnote
مقایسه
190
Countervailing
| ˌkaʊntərˈveɪlɪŋ
## Footnote
Formal
with an equally strong but opposite effect
| مخالفت به همان شدت
## Footnote
the dominance of the party was mediated by a number of countervailing factors
191
Cosmology
| kɑːzˈmɑːlədʒi
کیهان شناسی
192
Raffle
| ˈræfəl
a competition or game in which people buy numbered tickets and can win prizes
| a woman selling **raffle tickets**
## Footnote
قرعه کشی
193
Palindrome
| ˈpælɪəndroʊm
a word or phrase such as ‘deed’ or ‘level’, which is the same when you spell it backwards
194
Enlargement
| ɪnˈlɑːrdʒmənt
an increase in size or amount:
| بزرگ شدن
195
Brick
| brɪk
| Brick layer آجرچین
196
Congruent
| ˈkɒ:ŋgruənt
## Footnote
Formal
fitting together well
| متجانس
197
Snugly
| snʌgli
SYN: tight
Snugling در آغوش گرفتن
| محکم
198
Opt
| ɑːpt
to choose one thing or do one thing instead of another
| Many young people are opting to go on to college.
## Footnote
انتخاب کردن
بسیاری از جوانان تصمیم به ادامه تحصیل در دانشگاه دارند.
199
# v.
Coin
o invent a new word or expression, especially one that many people start to use
| The word ‘aromatherapy’ was coined in the 1920s.
## Footnote
ابداع یک کلمه یا عبارت
200
In fact
used when you are adding something, especially something surprising, to emphasize what you have just said
| I know the mayor really well. In fact, I had dinner with her last week.
## Footnote
من شهردار را به خوبی می شناسم. در واقع هفته گذشته با او شام خوردم.
201
akin to something
| əˈkɪn
## Footnote
Formal
very similar to something
| Something akin to panic overwhelmed him.
## Footnote
چیزی شبیه به وحشت او را فرا گرفت.
