Ethics-Conscience

Question 1

Conscience Aquinas quote

Answer 1

“The mind of man making moral judgements”

Question 2

Conscience Ratio-Aquinas

Answer 2

Our ABILITY to Reason and MAKE MORALD JUDGMENTS- GIFTED by God due to BEING MADE IN HIS IMAGE(IMAGO DEI)
DISTINGUISHES us from ANIMALS

Question 3

Two Parts Conscience is made from According to Aquinas

Answer 3

Synderesis
Conscienta

Question 4

Two Parts Conscience is made from According to Aquinas -Synderesis

Answer 4

Inner PRINCIPLE directing a person towards GOOD or EVIL- GUIDED by RATIO
IT is the PROCESS OF CONSCIENCE -where a Person LEANS towards GOODNESS and away from GUILTY PLEASURES
Aquinas belives SYNDERESIS Leans people TOWARDS GOODNESS more than EVIL

Question 5

Two Parts Conscience is made from According to Aquinas -Conscienta

Answer 5

Conscience in ACTION
PRACTICAL OUTWORKING OF SYNDERESIS
A Person’s REASON making Moral Judgement
E.g -choosing not Kill as you feel it is wrong

Question 6

Conscience General Understanding

Answer 6

a gut feeling or a voice inside of us telling us what to do.

Question 7

Aquinas view on Conscience and Ignorance (Lack of knowledge)

Answer 7

Aquinas acknowledged that CONSCIENCE can be Mistaken ( making wrong descions despite following conscience)
He argued this is caused by INCORRECT KNOWLEDGE / IGNORANCE

Question 8

Aquinas Two Types of Ignorance

Answer 8

Vincible Ignorance
Invincible Ignorance

Question 9

Aquinas Two Types of Ignorance -Vincible Ignorance

Answer 9

Lack of Knowledge for which a person CAN BE HELD RESPONSIBLE For
(You should have KNOWN BETTER)
E.G -Euthanising someone in UK despite it being illegal (you should know better)
God is Right to CONDEMN these acts

Question 10

Aquinas Two Types of Ignorance -Invincible Ignorance

Answer 10

Lack of Knowledge which a person is NOT RESPONSIBLE FOR
Person Acts in the Best of Their of KNOWLEDGE with Reasonably Informed information
But makes a mistake
Aquinas believed God would not Condemn these acts
E.G a person gives someone MEDICINE they are ALLERGIC TOO without realising they are ALLERGIC

Question 11

Vincible Ignorance-Sex Scandal Example Aquinas

Answer 11

If a Man sleeps with Woman who is NOT his Wife - This will be Evil based on IGNORANCE of Divine Law -He Ought to Know better

Question 12

InVincible Ignorance-Sex Scandal Example Aquinas

Answer 12

However of the Man REALLY THOUGHT the Woman was Really his WIFE and she wanted Him-he is FREE FROM FAULT

Question 13

Extra -Scholar John Newman God Speaking Conscience

Answer 13

Believed that Conscience was AN IMMEDIATE INNER VOICE rather than your own REASON
The voice is GOD SPEAKING DIRECTLY TO US -it is AUTHORITATIVE and we ought to OBEY it
When we disobey it we feel GUILTY/SHAME

Question 14

Freud’s view of Aquinas Conscience

Answer 14

Rejects God and Soul;therefore disagrees heavily with Aquinas

Question 15

Freud’s view on the mind

Answer 15

Saw it as a Machine
Every person mind goes through 5 PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES

Question 16

5 PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES According to Freud

Answer 16

Oral
Anal
Phallic
Latency
Genital

Question 17

5 PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES According to Freud-Oral

Answer 17

All PLEASURE focused on MOUTH (AGES 0-1)
E.G Teething chewing

Question 18

5 PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES According to Freud-Anal

Answer 18

All PLEASURE focussed on BOWEL MOVEMENTS (Ages 1-3)

Question 19

5 PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES According to Freud Phallic-Oedipus Complex/Electra

Answer 19

Idea all Boys are SEXUALLY IN Love with their MOTHERS (Ages 3-5)
however they are AFRAID OF THE FATHER (cuz he loves his mummy/wife)
He eventually begins to MIRROR his FATHER Behaviour UNCONSCIOUSLY to GAIN MOTHERS LOVE (SEXY TIME)
Eventually this FADES AWAY(Intrinsic to SUPEREGO DEVELOPMENT)

Question 20

5 PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES According to Freud-Latency

Answer 20

Regular Puberty occurs 3-6

Question 21

5 PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES According to Freud Genital

Answer 21

All pleasure FOCUSED on GENITALS (Ages puberty to Maturity)

Question 22

Three aspects of Personality for FREUD

Answer 22

ID
EGO
SUPEREGO

Question 23

Three aspects of Personality for FREUD-ID

Answer 23

Entire UNCONSCIOUS part of The MIND
Our INSTINCTIVE IMPULSES that seek IMMEDIATE GRATIFICATION/PLEASURE
-‘I WANT I WANT I WANT’ -Veruca Salt

Question 24

Three aspects of Personality for FREUD-EGO

Answer 24

CONSCIOUS SELF
MEDIATES between your ID and DEMANDS of SOCIAL INTERACTION(what is socially acceptable)
CONTROLS the ID
E,g a Horse (ID) Rider (EGO)

Question 25

Three aspects of Personality for FREUD- SUPEREGO

Answer 25

PRECONSCIOUS Self Our INTERNALISED Ideals from PARENTS/SOCIETY allows the EGO to BEHAVE MORALLY PREVENTS us from breaking rules-due to FEAR OF PUNISHMENT and GUILT

Question 26

Freud view on PERSONALITY LINK to Conscience

Answer 26

Freud argued that OUR CONSCIENCE was not our ABILITY TO JUDGE THE MORAL thing to do BUT RATHER Simply we are FEELING GUILTY Because of our SUPEREGO Conscience is BUILT on the GUILT OF DISAPPOINTING SOCIETY/PARENTS

Question 27

Strengths of Freud’s Conscience

Answer 27

Fundamental in DEVELOPMENT of Dreams, mind and CONSCIOUS, SUB-CONSCIOUS CLEAR Evidence to PARENTS/SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT Affecting MORALS Conveys why MORALS are Different due to VARYING CULTURES/SOCIETY/INFLUENCE of PARENTS Based on Empirical evidence of PSYCHOLOGY rather than THEOLOGY;Scientific reason

Question 28

Weaknesses of Freud’s Conscience-Similar Moral Values

Answer 28

Freud’s view on MORALITY links our MORALS to UPBRINGING-arguably There should be more DIFFERENCES in Moral Values than there are -essentially MORAL VALUES are largely SHARED regardless of Culture/UPBRINGING

Question 29

Weaknesses of Freud’s Conscience- Karl Popper Extra Scholar

Answer 29

Argued Freud’s PSYCHOANALYSIS cannot be FALSIFIED (proven RIGHT OR WRONG) Not true Science Arguably his LITTLE HANS experiments - UNETHICAL

Question 30

Weaknesses of Freud’s Conscience-non-Traditional Families

Answer 30

What abhor children from Single Parent Households? Freud’s theory disregards them -IMPLIES they are IMMORAL/ILLOGICAL E.g-HOMOSEXUAL HOUSEHOLDS conflicts with OEDIPUS/ELECTRA COMPLEX

Question 31

Weaknesses of Freud’s Conscience-Parents Immoral/Age later years

Answer 31

If Parents are IMMORAL implies LITTLE FREEWILL over MORALS if Morals are INBUILT by Parents Freud’s Psychosexual Development Ignores LATER LIFE EXPERIENCES (0-5) can not be when CONSCIENCE FULLY DEVELOPS

Question 32

Freud’s on Guilt /Superego

Answer 32

Guilt is the INTERNAL CONFLICT in the mind Between WHat you DESIRE and WHAT YOU FEEL you SHOULD AND SHOULDN’T DO Guilt can lead to IMMORAL ACT/FUTURE WRONGDOINGS

Question 33

Theological Extra Scholar Views-Joseph Butler

Answer 33

Similar to Aquinas tells us Right from Wrong Essential part of BEING HUMAN Separates from Animals Directs us towards FOCUSING on HAPPINESS of OTHERS instead of Ourselves

Question 34

Secular Views Extra Scholars-PIAGET

Answer 34

Support Freud with his Morality and Child Development Believed Two Types of Morality- HETERONOMOUS/AUTONOMOUS HETERONOMOUS - 5-9 Child looks beyond SELF for MORAL AUTHORITY must be OBEYED OR PUNISHMENT NEEDED -Relationships based on SOCIAL CONTROL Autonomous Morality (10+) - PERSONAL CODE OF CONDUCT Develops -able to decide what is Morally Right-based on SOCIAL PERCEPTION and Punishments Relationships become more OPEN AND HARMONIOUS

Question 35

Secular Views Extra Scholars-PIAGET refuted by Kohlberg

Answer 35

Kohlberg claimed Piaget theories TOO SIMPLISTIC BELIEVED there were a GREATER NUMBER of STAGES in a Person’s MORAL JOURNEY

Question 36

Secular Views Extra Scholars-Eric Fromm Authorian Conscience

Answer 36

Influenced by EXTERNAL AUTHORITY (parents teachers church leaders) Guilt is actually a FEAR OF REJECTION by those who HAVE IMPOSED AUTHORITY (GOVERNMENT) Can cause to Commit IMMORAL ACTS OUT OF FEAR

Question 37

Secular Views Extra Scholars-Eric Fromm Humanitarian Conscience

Answer 37

Has Healthier approach to Assessing behaviour Guides us to act in ways WE CAN DEVELOP Intuitive Knowledge of what is HUMAN and INHUMAN PREVENTS US FROM MURDERING INNOCENTS

Question 38

Strengths of Aquinas’ Conscience

Answer 38

Highly Influential View Supported by the CATHOLIC CHURCH Explains why Conscience can be INCORRECT-through use of IGNORANCE or WRONG Use of REASON Clear Set of Authority/Guidance Supported by Bible Included Knowledge and Reason as well as Religion so everyone can apply it -therefore UNIVERSAL His theory explains how e can change our minds on moral issues over time. We can develop our conscience e.g. through education – this should improve the synderesis process.

Question 39

Weaknesses of Aquinas Conscience

Answer 39

Some act can never be BLAMELESS regardless of RIGHT INTENTION/FOLLOWING CONSCIENCE ; you can still break the law and gain punishment Assumes GOOD and EVIL are the SAME for everyone -SUBJECTIVE DOES NOT CONSIDER CULTURAL RELATIVISM Theological Theory does not apply to non-religious people Are Humans really Rational? Conscience does feel intuitive and emotional, it is an immediate response – we tend to rationalise late He does not take into account social or environmental factors that may influence our behaviours – Freud does consider this.

Question 40

Weaknesses of Aquinas Conscience-Conflict with Reason

Answer 40

Conscience can Conflict with REASON Debating whether To save SOMEONE DROWNING REASON-are you a strong swimmer ? Could you find someone better suited? Conscience -You must save someone’s life- what if they die ?