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Eukaryotes Flashcards

1
Q

Pathogen

A

A bacterial, viral, fungal, agent of disease.

They are pathogenic because they are often feeding on their hosts

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2
Q

Pathogens have a (+-) relationship with us and we have a (+/-) relationship with them

A

Positive relationship with us

Negative relationship with them

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3
Q

Often when people say we have parasites they are referring to

A

Any multicellular organism that can infect our bodies

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4
Q

Endosymbiosis theory

A

Eukaryotes are Thought to have evolved via endosymbiosis with prokaryotes, a theory known as endosymbiosies

Cell absorbs another cell, doesn’t destroy it, rather forms a relationship with them

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5
Q

Challenge with eukaryotic pathogens

A

We have few differences with eukaryotic pathogens

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6
Q

Fungi

A

100,000 known species
Almost none are infectious

Most are oppurtunisttic- cause disease and immincompromised or weakened individuals

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7
Q

Macroscopic fungi

A

See with eye includes mushroom, etc

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8
Q

Microscopic fungi

A

Need a microscope, includes yeasts and molds

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9
Q

Fungi reproduce both….

A

Sexually and asexually

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10
Q

Fungi release what into the environment

A

Spores into the environment that trigger immune reactions

These spores are present at low levels pretty much everywhere hence why mold grows on food if left out

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11
Q

We use fungi in what

A 
Wine 
Beer 
Vitamins 
Antiobiotics 
Bread 
Pizza
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12
Q

Because fungi are eukaryotic we can use it to produce something like

A

Incilin

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13
Q

How do fungi work

A

Land on food
Begin to grow
Secrete digestive enzymes and absorb resulting molecules

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14
Q

Fungi are important in ecosystems because

A

Important role in recycling materials and releasing nutrients into the soil (composting)

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15
Q

Fungi can break down things such as

A

Feather, hair; oils, wood, rubber, dead plants and animals

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16
Q

Most commmon fungal pathogens

A

Candida albicans

Happens when sugar levels are elevated or more moisture is available (diaper rash, type 2 diabetes)

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17
Q

Candida albicans can also cause

A

Yeast infections in mouth and vagina

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18
Q

Thrush

A

Caused by Candida albicans
Growth usually kept “in check” by bacteria

Bacteria and the yeast compete in a location such as the mouth, bacteria usually wins which is why candida doesn’t often thrive

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19
Q

Pneumocystis pneumonia

A

A serious infection of the lungs caused by fungus pneumocystis jirovecci

An opportunistic fungal pathogen
20% of adults may carry this fungus asymptomaticakky, and the immune system removes the fungus

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20
Q

Ring worm and athletes foot

A

Caused by a variety of fungal genera, very common and easily transmitted
Infects the skin

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21
Q

How to treat tinea - ringworm or atheletee foot

A

Drugs like clotrimazole or micoanzole,

These medications work by altering cell wall permeability in fungi

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22
Q

Conjunctivitis

A

Pink eye

Commonly caused by e. Coli but can also be caused by fungi

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23
Q

Valley fever

A

Cofcidiomycosis
Fungal infection you get from breathing in fungal spores from the air in desert areas like Mexico, central and South America

Usually associated with older people or immunocompromised

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24
Q

Protozoa

A

65,000 species
Free living unicellular eukaryotes (nonfungal)
Few infectious species

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25
Taxoplasma gondii
Opportunistic infection from food or cat feces | Most people with cats have it
26
How do Protozoa move around
Do not have a cell wall | Often move with cilia (short extension of cell) or flagella (long extension of cell)
27
Amoeboid
Help Protozoa move (fake feet)
28
Spore forming for Protozoa
Helps Protozoa move
29
Giardia lamblia
Attaches to wall of gut, feed off of ingested material passing by
30
Protozoa have 2 common life stages
Triphozoite: the stage in which independent Protozoa are moving and eating by themselves Cysts: similar to bacterial endospores, a dormant stable form of protozoa less hardy
31
Giardia lamblia
Protozoa Does form cysts Travel easily in water and are carried by currents Can infect entire villages via drinking water
32
Trichimonas vaginalis
Protozoa that does not form cysts, transmitted only sexually because with requires food and nutrients
33
Most common intestinal parasite
Giardia lamblia | Sometimes called hikers disease, travelers, diarrhea, beaver fever
34
Giardiasis symptoms
Diarrhea Excessive flatulence Vomiting
35
Treatment for giardiasis
Symptoms usually subside without treatment in 2-6 weeks Metronidazole was the standard, resistance is growing, also has serious side effects Even after treatment: intestinal scarring
36
Amebiasis (amebic dysentery)
Caused by entamoeba hystolytica
37
Malaria
Transmitted by vector (mosquito bites) | Caused by Protozoa of the genius plasmodium
38
3 life stages of malaria
Meozoite Sporozoite Gametocyte
39
How does malaria happen
1. Sporozoite pass from mosquito to bloodstream 2. Sporozoite travel to liver, reproduce, and mature into merozoites 3. Merizoites enter bloodstream, replicate, bursting out of red blood cells and infect new cells 4. Some merozoites become gametocytes, infecting New mosquitos where they form sporozoite
40
Symptoms of malaria begin
Between 10-16 days after infection (when merozoites begin to appear in blood)
41
Effort to eradicate malaria has focused on 3 approaches:
Mosquitos (nets, lasers, etc) Drugs (prophylactic and treatment) Vaccines (so far, low efficacy)
42
Drug treatments for milaria
``` Chemiprophylaxis is a common strategy Quinolone antibiotics (based on quinine) significantly reduced the risk of infection ```
43
Challenges or drug treatments for milaria
Need dif drugs for dif stages Resistance is spreading Drug development is expensive
44
What we tried to control mosquitos with malaria
DDT eradication campaign (1955-1969) but now populations of mosquitos are resistant We are trying bed nets We might try: altering mosquito populations
45
Most prevelant ameba in tropical areas
Enamoeba hystolytica | Most causes in the U.S are imported
46
Amebiasis transmission
Fecal/ oral route (including fomites) | Direct contact
47
Mechanism of amebiqsis
Invested cysts become trophozoites in the intestines Feed on bacteria (not usually trying to hurry you) Invasive disease may develop Trophozoites release enzymes that kill epithelial cells and cause ulcers
48
Complications related to amebiasis
May enter bloodstream can cause abscesses in the liver lungs and brain
49
Treatment for amebiasis
Usually nitroumidazole derivatives because they are highly affective against the trophozoites
50
Can asymptomatic patients of amebiasis still infect others
Yes Asymptomatic cases become symptomatic between 4-10% of cases
51
Naegleria Fowler I
Known as brain eating amoeba | Not technically a true amoeba but a shape shifting amoeba-flagellate
52
Amoeboflagellate characteristics
Free living bacteria eating microorganism that lives in warm fresh water (thermofilw) including lakes ponds hot springs Forms a cyst at 10 degrees Celsius
53
How does naegleria Fowleri infect people
Travels up the nose from water where it destroys brain tissue
54
Helminths
Worms Multicellular animals Usually transmitted by microscopic eggs
55
Two main forms of helminths
Flatworms | Roundworms
56
Helminths reproduction
Sexually and asexually Fertilized eggs released into environment (typically in feces)
57
Helminths eggs are vulnerable so
They produce thousands of eggs!
58
Most helminths cause what
Gastrointestinal infections
59
Eosinophilia
Blood work from helminths pathogens usually revelabs eosinophilia (help right multicellular infections)
60
Pinworms
Adult pinworms reside and lay eggs in large intestine They lay eggs on the Anus of infected person Kids scratch their anus and touch others
61
Hookworms
Eggs in feces, eggs hatch in soil and develop larvae Larvae penetrate human skin Larvae then migrate through tissues to reach intestines and nervous system/ brain
62
Hookworms and immunity
Have multiple mechanisms to seeeee the immune response against them through cytokines and regulatory cells
63
Tapeworms
Type of helminth pathogen | Flattened segmented bodies
64
Scolex
Head end of tapeworm | Has hooks that allow it to attach to intestine
65
Proglittids
Body segment of tapeworms
66
Taenia species
Type of tapeworm (pork and beef tapeworm) Only 3 species cause human infections
67
Transmission of tapeworms
Ingestion of cysticerci in raw or undercooked meat
68
Treatment for tapeworms
Antihelminthic drugs Anti inflammatory agents Surgery right remove cysterci
69
Mechanism of tapeworms
In the small intestine the worms scolex and neck emerge from the cysticercus Worm attaches to intestinal wall tapeworm reaches maturity after 5-12 weeks Begins to release eggs
70
Complications of tapeworms
Cysticercoris occurs wen humans invest the eggs instead of cysterceri Eggs are hatching in intensives Larvae burrow in intestine Migrate into tissues Impairs tissue function
71
Helminths therapy
An experimental type of immunotherapy Deliberate infestation with a helminths or with the eggs or a helminth

human infectious diseases (13 decks)

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