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human infectious diseases > Respiratory Viruses And Covid 19 > Flashcards

Respiratory Viruses And Covid 19 Flashcards

1
Q

Rhinitis

A

Colds

Swelling redness runny nose not major issues

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2
Q

Rhinitis are caused by

A

Corona viruses and rhinoviruses

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3
Q

Hantavirus

A

Sporadic outbreaks in the US
Spread of mice
Outbreaks all related to increases in rodent populations

Fatality rate of 33%

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4
Q

Measles

A

Caused by paramyxovoridae

sSRNA enveloped virus

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5
Q

Why is one of the most contagious disease ever discovered

A

Measles

Can be detected in the air and on fomites in an area where an infected person has coughed up to two hours later

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6
Q

Symptoms of measles

A

Fever watery eyes dry cough etc

White spots in mouth called kopliks spots
Begins on face then spreads
Fever spikes

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7
Q

Complications of measles

A

Ear infections
Diabetes

Pneumonia
Enchaphlitis (swelling of the brain)

Subacute sclerosis from oananchalitis (Dawson’s disease) chronic progressive brain inflammation

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8
Q

Measles numbers after vaccination

A

From 200,000 cases 1963 to about 200 in 2002

Current day: 23 separate outbreaks. Why?

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9
Q

Influenza

A

Second most common virus after rhinovirus
Most major are from GROUP A

cases increasing drastically in morbidity

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10
Q

Influenza is what kind of cell

A

Single stranded RNA virus

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11
Q

Influenza goes from RNA to what

A

sSRNA to mRNA

(No DNA) step unlike HIV

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12
Q

How many genes does influenza have

A

10

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13
Q

How many RNA strands with regions that code for different protiens on each strand for influenza

A

8

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14
Q

What does it mean that influenza has no proofreading enzymes

A

Mistakes approximately made once every 10,000 nucleotide so the degree of mutation is very high

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15
Q

2 major antigens in influence surface

A

Hemagglutinin

Neuraminidase

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16
Q

Hemaggkutinin

A

Binds to host cell receptors for docking (influenza)

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17
Q

Neuraminidase

A

Digests away mucus in surface respiratory cells (influenza)

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18
Q

We name strains of influenza protiens based on what

A

Different forms of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase

19
Q

Antigenic drift

A

Mutations lead to changes in surface antigens because of natural mutation

20
Q

Why would u want a high rate of mutation for an antibody binding site

A

If you can change the structure of site for antibody binding then the body needs to learn all over again how to fight a new structure

21
Q

Antigenic shift

A

Viruses are sloppy, you get mix ups of RNA inside viruses so it’s swapping whole RNA strands (each with 1 or more genes) with other viruses

So you can get human influenza with a duck antigen

22
Q

Antigenic shift consequences

A

Any prior immunity is lost
Vaccines may be in effective
Major flu pandemics start this way (swine flu, bird flu)

23
Q

Influenza vaccine information

A

Vaccine is determined each summer based on observed strains from the year before the strains are prevelanr in other countries

24
Q

How does influenza virus bind and infect

A

Virus binds to ciliates cells lining the respiratory system

Dry cold air disrepute mucus and cell structure underneath, making the respiratory mucosa more susceptibility to viral infection

25
Q

Two previous recent outbreaks due to coronavirus

A

SARS (2002-2003) ASIA
MERS (2012-2019) Saudi Arabia

Super her fatality rate even if infections numbers are not super high

26
Q

What kind of cell is coronavirus

A

Large enveloped RNA virus rhat infect birds and a wide range of mammals including humans

Large so it engulfs the cell
Enveloped so it doesnt survive well outside of body (dries out)
RNA so it has a higher probability to infect new host species because of it exceptionally shorter generation time and faster revolutionary rate

27
Q

What is SARS

A

severe acute respiratory syndrome
Caused by a coronavirus
Enveloped

28
Q

SARS pandemic season

A

Flu season like winter (when people are more vulnerable)

29
Q

First SARS patient

A

45 year old man in China

30
Q

International outbreak of SARS

A

Medical doctor brought it to hotel of dozens of people

By the end of that month 156 patient had SARS

31
Q

What does SARS do in the body

A

In addition to flu like symptoms, it causes muscle pain, labored breathing,

32
Q

Where does SARS 1 come from

A

Palm civets

33
Q

Primary method of transmission for SARS 1

A

Respiratory droplets
Some limited evidence of fomite transfer

Small number from sewage transport

34
Q

Method of SARS

A

virus enters the body through the respiratory tract
Infects the epithelial cells of the airway and lungs by binding to the ACE 2 receptor and entering the cytoplasm of the cell

Pneumonia results leading to inflammation alveolar collapse recruitment of macrophages and formation of syncytia

As it proliferate the virus also affects immune cells and can be carried immune organs including the spleen lymph nodes and other lymphoid tissue

35
Q

MERS

A

Middle East respiratory syndrome
Single stranded RNA viruses
Enveloped

36
Q

Clinical features of MERS

A

rapidly progress and leads more to organ failure

37
Q

Mkre white color in lung images

A

More collapsed alveoli

38
Q

Transmission of MERS

A

camels to humans direct or indirect contact

Possibly came from Bats

39
Q

Mechanism of MERS

A

Used DPP4 which is common amongst a wide range of organisms

Pneumonia results leading to inflammation, alveolar collapse, recruitment of macrophages and neutrophils

40
Q

How to be eligible for SARS and MERS testing

A

Exposure to infection as well as symptoms

41
Q

Tests for SARS and MERS

A

Antibody tests
Nucleic acid tests
Lymphocyte count can help predict patient outcomes

42
Q

Steps of outbreak containment

A 
Public alert issued on personal protection. 
Addition of SARS as notable disease 
Suspension of schools 
Limitation on travel 
Isolation of residents 
Home quarantining 
Body temp checks
43
Q

How does SARS covid 2 infect a cell

A
  1. Virus enters through nasal passages
  2. The spike protein attaches to cell receptors —angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)
  3. Viral membrane fuses with the cell membrane
  4. RNA genome is released into the cell
  5. Cell replicates virus using its RNA genome
44
Q

What are the differences between DNA and RNA viruses

A

Do you know viruses are mostly double stranded while RNA bars are single-stranded. RNA mutation rate is higher than the DNA mutation rate. DNA replication takes place in the nucleus well RNA replication takes place in the cytoplasm. DNA viruses are stable while our new viruses are unstable

human infectious diseases (13 decks)

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