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human infectious diseases > Infectious organisms- bacteria > Flashcards

Infectious organisms- bacteria Flashcards

(85 cards)

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1
Q

Exercising anaerobically

A

Exercising without oxygen. You would do some sort of high intensity training— body runs out of oxygen temporarily and has to resort to fermentation

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2
Q

Why is aenerobic respiration less efficient for metabolism

A

Produces less ATP per glucose molecule

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3
Q

What is the key dif between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism

A

Wether or not oxygen is used

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4
Q

What are bacteria

A

Prokaryotic cells
No nucleus at all
Everything floats around without compartmentalizations

Bacteria and archaea

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5
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

Us, plants, fungi, etc

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6
Q

Prokaryotic cells have

A 
Cell wall 
Cell envelope 
Protiens 
Nucleic acids 
Ribosomes

Condensed region of DNA! NueclOID

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7
Q

Glycocalyx

A

Slime layers outside of cell walls
Can help form biofilms
Can help resist antibiotic
Make the bacteria more virulent (more able to cause disease)

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8
Q

Bacterial cell wall

A

One very king molecule that encloses entire cell

Gives cell rigidity and structural support

Cell must maintain or it it can unravel like a sweater

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9
Q

Gram positive vs gram negative cell walls have what in common

A

Made of the same thing- peptitoglycan (complex sugar)

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10
Q

Cell envelope

A

Similar to cytoplasmic/cell membrane except that it has lipopylsaccharide among the phoshpholipids

If it’s released it triggers endotoxins and immune responses

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11
Q

Inside bacterial cells

A

No nucleus

Ribosomes in cytoplasm

Cytoskeleton

Various specialized compartments

Plasmids and bacterial chromosomes usually in a condensed structure

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12
Q

The nucleoid

A

One big circle of DNA

Bound together by proteins

Forms chromosomes called domains

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13
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Composed of long protein filaments and provides support and structure

Similar to eukaryotic cytoskeleton

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14
Q

Ribosomes

A

BITH consist of 2 subunits but the density is different

Bacterial ribosomes have a density of 70S, eukaryotic ribosomes are 80S

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15
Q

Inclusion bodies

A

Distinct collections of substances inside prokaryotic cells

Insoluble granules

Sometimes bound in a membrane

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16
Q

Examples of inclusion bodies

A

Carboxysomes- contain carbon fixing enzymes

Magnetosomes- accumulate magnetic iron

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17
Q

Specialized structure of bacteria attachment in prokaryotic cells

A

Pili are made of pilin protein

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18
Q

Fimbriae

A

Attachment to Lili attache cells to surfaces

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19
Q

Conjugation pilus

A

Facilitates transfer of DNA between cells

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20
Q

Stalks

A

Membranous extensions of cytoplasm that secrete cytoplasm that secrete adhesion factors

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21
Q

Specialized structure of bacteria survival

A

Endoscores

Dormant bodies
Produced by some bacteria (bacillus, sporoearcina)

Life involves 2 phases: vegetative cell and endospore inside

Environmental conditions induce sporulation

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22
Q

Sporulation is triggered by what

A

Environmental conditions like a lack of carbon or nitrogen

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23
Q

Sporulation will begin and is complete in

A

6-8 hours

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24
Q

Endospores can withstand

A 
Hear 
Drying 
Radiation 
Freezing 
Chemicals 
Harsh
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25
Does disinfection kill endospores
No
26
Specialized structures of bacteria for adaptation
Thylakoids- allow them to photosynthesise Gas vesicles- aquatic bacteria inflate/deflate for buoyancy Storage granules- storage of nutrients such as sulfur, phosphate, or PHA Magnetosomes Allows them to pursue things that are magnetic
27
Bacilli
Rod shaped
28
Escherichia coli abbreviated to what
E. coli Capitalized to not capitalized
29
Cocci (coccus)
Spherical cells
30
Vibrio
Comma shaped
31
Stella
Star shaped
32
Spirochetes
Spiral shaped, corkscrew motion
33
Spirrilum
Twisted like a cheese puff
34
Branching filaments
Filamentous shaped
35
Diplococcus
Two paired coccus
36
Strepdococcus
Chain of circular bacterium
37
Staphylococci
Group or cluster or circle shaped bacterium
38
Palisades
Largest organization for bacillus like lined up pills
39
Other shapes for bacterium
``` Spirochete Stella (star) Filamentous Pleomorphic (blobs) Spirochete ```
40
Most bacteria are between ___ microns
1-2
41
All bacteria have
``` Cell membrane Cytoplasm Ribosomes Cytoskeleton Nucleoid/chromosome ```
42
Bacteria a more diverse in the way they obtain nutrients:
All living cells must get carbon from the environment. But bacteria can be autotroph or heterotrophs
43
Autotroph
Created complex carbon molecules from CO2
44
Heterotrophs
Take in complex carbon molecules from the environment
45
Phototroph
Organism creates something- light absorption captures energy
46
Chemotroph
Chemical electron donors are oxidized
47
Lithotroph
Inorganic molecules donate electrons (iron, plasma, etc) molecules
48
Organotropj
Organic molecules donate electron
49
Every single bacteria is a heterotrophs because (in class)
All need something from environment
50
Saprobes
(Detrivores): feed one nutrients from dead organisms, decaying matters
51
Parasites:
Microorganisms that derive nutrients from living hosts
52
Obligate parasites
Food sources can sometimes be substituted with other stuff (nutrient agar) but some microbes won’t eat ourside cells (obligate parasites)
53
In hypotonic solutions (fresh water) cells need to
Manage water rushing in
54
In hypertonic solutions (salt water) cells need to
Keep their water from rushing out
55
Osmosis
The movement of water molecules
56
Osmotic pressure
The effect on the membrane when water moves in or out of the cell
57
Isotonic solution
Water enters and exits in a free and balanced way
58
How do cells deal with osmotic pressure
Their cell wall makes them more resistant to water moving in Still vulnerable to water leave the cell
59
Mesophile
What most bacteria are Survive at the same optimum temp as humans
60
Thermofile
Organisms that survive well in high temps
61
Psychotroph
Low temp tolerant
62
Psychofile
Can survive well in extremely cold temps (survive in antartjca)
63
Why might body initiate fever to fight infection
The bacterial function rapidly drops off at higher temp We have a heat response because it’s more effective to denaturing and killing bacteria than when bacteria are in cold temps
64
Obligate aerobe
Must have oxygen to survive
65
Microaerophiles
Use a little bit of oxygen but don’t grow at normal o2 levels Many blood and GItrwcy dwelling microbes
66
Facultative anaerobes
Do not require oxygen but use it when it’s present | Many intestinal microbes
67
Anaerobes
Cannot use oxygen, some die in its pretense | Many oral and intestinal bacteria
68
Fluid thioglycolsye medium
Create a gradient of oxygen concentration to help us determine the oxygen preference of bacterial species Where the bacteria grow in he tube indicates which kind of bacteria they are (If they grow at the top they are aerobes— need or thrive wirh oxygen)
69
If the bacteria is growing in the middle of the tube
Somewhere between aenorbic and aerobic
70
Humans have a narrow PH tolerance
We like our cells to be at PH 7.2-7.4
71
UV rays and X rays effect on bacteria
Kill most of them
72
Most bacteria live in groups or on their own
Mostly on their own
73
As a group how do bacteria form
Colonies | Biofilms
74
Prokaryotic Bacteria reproduce by what
Binary fission
75
Binary fission
DNA is copied Cell grows Copied chromosome is drawn to opposite ends of the cell Septum begins to form at midpoint Septum eventually walls off the resulting two daughter cells from one another
76
Bacterial growth is not logorithmic its
Exponential
77
At wht rate does bacteria grow
2x every generation
78
Bacteria won’t grow forever because
They get crowded Run out of nutrients Run out of gases Interactions with others can be limiting (competitive) or enabling to growth
79
Lag phase to log phase to stationary phase (plateau)
Newly inoculated broth and add a single bacterium, reproduces at its most rapid phase but then it eventually slows down to the plateau
80
Last stage of bacterial growth
Senescence Endospores may form, they mainly die off
81
Direct methods of counting bacteria
Plating methods Growth series Serial dilution Flow through Manual counting
82
Indirect methods of studying bacteria
Turbidity based methods Fluorescence based methods PCR based methods
83
PCR testing
Method of testing nucleic acids
84
Benefits of biofilms
Immune cells can’t penetrate Antibiotics can’t penetrate Biofilm enhances sharing of virulence plasmids
85
Why must we dilute samples
To get individual colonies

human infectious diseases (13 decks)

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