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human infectious diseases > Portals and parts > Flashcards

Portals and parts Flashcards

(54 cards)

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1
Q

Integumentary system

A

Skin
Forms the extertrnal body covering, and protects deeper tissues from injury
Many microbes live on the skin
Damage to the skin almost always results in some type of infection

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2
Q

The surface layer of skin is what

A

Densely packed layers of dead cells

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3
Q

Sebum

A

Secretion from skin
Oil from sebaceous glands

High lipid content but low PH (acidic)
LIPID BREAKDOWN products are toxic to some bacteria

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4
Q

Characteristics of sweat from sweat glands

A

Containers lysosome
High salt content
Low PH

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5
Q

Popular bacteria on skin

A

Staphylococcus - causes staph

Streptococcus- causes strep

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6
Q

Nervous system

A

Brain, nerves, spine
Fast acting control system of the body
It responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands
Immuno privelaged- kept largely separate from rest of body— only certain chemicals can get through

The heart pumps blood, bone marrow, producers blood cells

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7
Q

The nervous system is split into what two systems

A

Central
Brain
Spinal chord

Peripheral shstem
Nerves
Ganglia

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8
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid

A

Derived from blood
Circulates around brain and meninges

Contents are selected from blood by blood brain barrier, other materials not allowed in brain
Brain is an immuno-privelaged site

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9
Q

Synapse structure

A

Nerves carry electrical signal- impulses

They result in the production and release of synaptic vesicles (bubble of cell membrane that contains something)
Electrical signal travels down nerve
Encourages the release of synaptic vesicles
And the nerve sends that signal

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10
Q

Endocrine system

A

Glands secrete hormones rhat regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells

Relates to the circulatory system

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11
Q

Cardiovascular system

A

Heart, blood vessels

Pump blood, bone marrow

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12
Q

Lymphatic system

A

Picks up fluid from tissues and returns it to blood

Houses white blood cells involved in immunity

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13
Q

Lymphatic capillaries

A

Suck fluid back up

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14
Q

Viremia

A

Viruses in the bloodstream

Example: HIV

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15
Q

Septicemia

A

Bacteria in the bloodstream

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16
Q

Sepsis

A

A large scale innate immune response (usually inflammation) as a result of septicemia
Can occur when an infection from elsewhere breaks into the blood vessels and spreads throughout the body

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17
Q

Where do bacteria get into bloodstream with septicemia

A

Some sort of lung infection
Urinary tract infections

Most likely ^^

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18
Q

Respiratory system

A

Allows for aerobic respiration

Keeps blood and cells of body constantly supplied with oxygen

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19
Q

Immune system of the respiratory system

A

Highly specialized
Produces mucus and cilia

They make a surface that make it hard for bacteria to attach to

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20
Q

Alveoli

A

Site if gas exchange between air and blood
Highly vascularized, some pathogens can cross into bloodstreams here
Alveoli are protected by a resident macrophage population that engulf and destroy foreign invaders

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21
Q

What happens during a gastroinestrincal infection

A

If the symptoms are in the higher part of digestive system, then this causes vomiting

If I’m the lower part then diarrhea is mkre cmmin

For both, this leads to dehydration

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22
Q

Urinary system

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A

Eliminates nitrogen waste from body

Regulates water, electrolyte, acid base balance of blood

23
Q

Urinary tract constituents of

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A

Kidneys -removed small molecules from blood and converts to urine
Ureters

24
Q

Urinary bladder

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A

Where the urine is stored

Triangle shaped musicalar organ

25
Urine contains
Lysozime, lactoferrin Lactoferrin is an iron sequestration molecule that limits the growth of bacteria usually found in secretory substances and secreted by immune cells
26
We get an infection when
Microbes cross to a new previously uncolonized area Example UTI when microbes acquire new disease causing traits Ex. E.coli food poisoning Microbes grow in higher numbers than usual Ex: yeast infections New microbes Defenses are down
27
Pathogenicity
A potential capacity of a pathogen to cause disease
28
Virulence
A pathogens ability to infect or damage a host
29
Virulence factors
Features of pathogens that help them overcome our defenses
30
Opportunistic pathogens vs primary pathogens
Opportunistic- not necessarily a problem UNTIL they cause disease. Example: staf infection Primary- always cause disease
31
Toxins as a virulence factor
Chemical products of microbes that are poisonous to host organism This means the pathogen doesn’t necessarily cause the disease but what they produce
32
Endotoxins
Refers specifically to a component of the bacterial cell wall, triggers inflammation and fever
33
Exotoxins
Refers to any type of toxin released by a pathogen secreted away from the cell
34
3 types of exotoxins
Signal propagated inside cell Break membrane apart Pull the whole toxin itself into the cell
35
5 stages of infection
``` Entry Adhesive to host tissue Invade tissues to obtain nutrients Evade immune response and replicate Spread to new host ```
36
Step 1: entry of infection
Portals of entry The way the infection gets in is how we identify them Pathogens can get in through blood
37
Vectors
Blood sucking insects or Arthropoda like ticks and mosquitos
38
Infectious dose
How many microbes it takes to initiate an infection Varies by pathogen TB requires only 10 cells Cholera requires 1 billion
39
How are enzymes sometimes used in invasion
Some pathogens secrete tissue digesting enzymes to break down barriers
40
Motility
Helps to make invasion possible, after moving
41
How do we try to evade infection or infectious pathogens
Host cells (immune cells) will try to eat pathogens, disable pathogens etc
42
3 methods for evading the immune response
1. Antigen masking: pathogen steals own membrane and puts them all over itself to pretend to be a host cell so when immune cell comes along it jusr seee another host cells 2. Antigen mimickery: pathogens own factors look like others in advance 3. Antigen variation: in the process of infection, pathogen switches disguise so that the immune system can’t keep up easily
43
Pathogens can cause damage in 2 ways
Directly by secreting damaging chemicals Indirectly inducing the hosts immune defenses (particularly if immune response is excessive or inappropriate)…
44
Things to look for if there are no detectable symptoms
Changes to immune cell populations Presence of antibodies specific to If pathogens gain access to blood: septicemia or viremia
45
Portals of exit
The way that diseases leave the body to infect others Example, through urine, through feces, through skin warts or bumps, coughing, sneezing, etc
46
Norovirus
Vomiting bug that spreads in places like cruise ships cuz they can stay on surface for up to two weeks
47
Incubation period
No symptoms but pathogen is in the host initiating damage The time between an infectious takes route and you take to see symptoms
48
Latency
Symptoms subside, but pathogen is still hanging out Example: mono
49
Horizontal transmission
One person to another
50
Vertical transmission
Mother to child
51
Fomites
Indirect method of getting a disease (doorknobs, phones, handles) Non living surfaces rhat transfer disease
52
Zoonoses
Diseases transmitted from animals to humans
53
Dead end transmission
Human to human can’t happen only animal to human for example rabies
54
Spillover event
The moment the disease transfers from one species to another

human infectious diseases (13 decks)

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