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Viruses Flashcards

1
Q

What’s a virus

A

A capsule with protien with genetic information

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2
Q

Why are viruses obligate parasites

A

Need a host to reproduce

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3
Q

4 key components of a virus

A

Genome
Capsid (protien)
Envelope
Enzymes

Not found in all viruses

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4
Q

Where does the virus get the envelope

A

Takes membrane from host cell

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5
Q

Function of enzyme for virus

A

Help manipulate cell

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6
Q

What are capsid made up of

A

Individual protiens and can be found in various shapes

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7
Q

What are spikes

A

Envelopes are generally host cell membranes with a few viral proteins stuck in. These viral proteins are called spikes

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8
Q

Helical capsid

A

A long tube of nucleic acids

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9
Q

Icosahedral capsid

A

Sort of a diamond shaped proteins, at the corners are where spike protiens are found

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10
Q

Bacteriophage

A

Bullet like capsule of protien at the top and then a stem

Used to introduce genes to bacteria

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11
Q

Envelope viruses

A

Look pouch like or round

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12
Q

Viruses can have genomes made up of either

A

RNA or DNA

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13
Q

If viruses intereste into the genome of the host what do they need to do

A

They have to create DNA to do that

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14
Q

It a virus needs to make proteins they need

A

RNA to do that

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15
Q

Retroviruses

A

RNA to DNA to RNA to protein

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16
Q

Can viruses sustain their own life

A

No

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17
Q

How does virus replicate

A
  1. Dock onto surface cell
  2. Enter cell
  3. Replicate
  4. Get out of cell
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18
Q

Docking

A

Protien spikes on outside of virus match receptors on cell

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19
Q

Receptors on HIV

A

CD4
CCR5

Some people don’t have CCR5 receptors so they are more resistant to HIV

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20
Q

Host range

A

Cell types and species that a virus can infect

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21
Q

Why can we get swine flu

A

We have similar receptors to pigs

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22
Q

Virus entry and uncoating

A

As the virus enters the cell it sheds the envelope

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23
Q

Goal of the virus during synthesis

A

Reproduce viral genome to package into new viruses

Make proteins for new capsid, spikes, etc

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24
Q

Method of viral synthesis

A

Virus is inside cell
Synthesizes new genome, new capsid protein, new spikes
Uses recourses from cell like viral ribosomes, hosts amino acids, other enzymes in order to reproduce

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25
Asssemvly phase of virus
Mature virus particles are constructed from the growing pool of parts Happens spontaneously and sloppily
26
Two ways assembled viruses leave their host
Non enveloped viruses reach maturation in the cell and are released when the cell ruptures Enveloped viruses bud from the membranes of the cytoplasm nucleus endoppasmic reticulum or vesicles (cell doesn’t always have to die just buds off
27
Why does cell die with a virus
Virus steals so many of its nurturers so cell can’t survive
28
Syncytia
Cells may join together to make large multi nucleated cells to try and survive a virus (doesn’t work)
29
Why do some viruses cause cancer
Virus changes the way the cell reproduces (size function reproduction)
30
Persistent infections
Cells are converted to long lasting virus factories
31
Provirus
Viral DNA can be incorporated into the host genome
32
Latent virus
Virus can remain latent in host cell cytoplasm, waitin for an oppurtunity to break out and cause a new infection
33
I Covid used
Viruses that induce cellular reproduction
34
Bacteriophage
Virus that infects bacteria Can carry genes from one bacterium to another
35
Common colds are most often caused by
Rhino virus Or Corona virus
36
Most antiviral drugs inhibit
One part of the life cycle (inhibitors, protease inhibitors)
37
Best medicine for viruses
Prevention and vaccines
38
Varicella zoster virus
Chicken pox
39
Varicella zoster virus come from what
Genital and and oral herpes
40
If Varicella zoster virus remains latent in the nerves then it can
Re-emerge in life in about 20% of patients which causes shingles
41
Why do viruses live in the nerves
They can just stay there because our bodies won’t destroy nerve cells
42
What’s used to treat shingles
Acyclovir
43
Complications of shingles
Can result in chronic nerve pain in the affected area
44
Dermatones
An area of skin served by a single peripheral nerve
45
Variola virus
Small pox
46
Variola virus symptoms
High fever, lesions appear first in mouth then everywhere, after 2 weeks lesions crust over, permanent scarring or death
47
What is the only completely eradicate disease so far
Small pox (variola virus) because of small pox
48
Rabies host range
Very wide r
49
Rabies transmission
Through saliva of animals
50
How does rabies virus move
Replicates at the site of the bite then moved up the nerves
51
Post exposure prophylaxis
One dose of human rabies immuno globin and rabies vaccine given on the day of the rabies exposure
52
HSV-1
Causes oral herpes or cold sores Half people are estimated to have HSV one infection, sub clinical or otherwise
53
HSV-2
Causes genital herpes
54
Symptoms of Ebola
Flu like symptoms followed by vomiting diarrhea and rash. Advanced and deadly cases include organ failure bleeding from membranes bloody diarrhea vomit cough
55
Reston Ebola virus
Non pathogenic to humans though hazardous to some monkeys
56
Transmission of Ebola
First case of Ebola virus is believed to have been zoonotic passed from the blood meat or fluid from an infected animal
57
All the first vaccination efforts attributed to which virus
Small pox
58
Each outbreak of Ebola is a different…
Strain, with its own features
59
In order to infect cells HIV requires
Call receptors, rare dividual‘s are immune
60
HIV infections in the US in the 1980s led to adoption of what
Universal precautions in hospital settings including retractable needles
61
What is the main target for the HIV virus
Helper T cells, along with some macrophages, a few other cells in the body
62
Why are helper T cells targeted by HIV
Because helper T cells are required to drive other adaptive immune responses, when helper T cells levels decline, immune responses is crippled, including memory
63
To become infected with HIV you must be
Exposed to the virus and the virus must get to the lymph or blood rather quickly
64
What does it mean when we say HIV is not very resilient
It cannot live in surfaces or survive decontamination well. It also can’t survive on a living surface such as the skin for very long
65
Upon entry the HIV infection infects
Many T cells and macrophages
66
HIV uses macrophages as what
A Trojan horse to gain access to the T cells in lymph nodes
67
Intitial the viremia and a cute flu like symptoms result from what (HIV)
Infection of mucus producing tissue (especially G.I. tract, vaginal mucosa) occurs as well
68
Majority of HIV cells go into a ____. Infection
Latent so the patient is asympotmaric for months
69
Why is HIV a retrovirus
Transcribes it’s genome reversally
70
Long term non progressives
Effective immune response to HIV
71
AIDS
Fewer than 200 helper T CELLS | Get more opportunistic infections Cuz less T cells there to fight off
72
Berlin patient
Cured their own HIV
73
acute viral gastroenteritis
Rapid onset Swelling A description of symptoms basically saying the virus is causing these symptoms
74
Norovirus
RNA virus most common
75
Rotavirus
Gastrointestinal virus in children | But vaccine is available
76
Norovirus
Small infectious dose Very hardy- can survive so fomites Main risk is dehydration
77
Mumps
Viral infection of the salivary glands
78
Transmission of mumps
Spreads through infected saliva Mumps virus enters the nose or mouth Replicates in the upper respiratory tract Releases in saliva almost a week before symptoms develop Enters the bloodstream to infect salivary glands
79
Parotitis
Inflammation of the parotid salivary glands
80
IGMs are better for detection of mumps because
Can detect more quickly
81
Hepatitis
Swollen liver Caused by many dif viruses These viruses vary in viral family, epidimiology, what United them is they cause hepatitis
82
Mechanism of hepatitis
Hepatitis virus multiplies within intestinal cells Virions enter the bloodstream Inflammation develops and liver function is impaired Bilirubin removal is limited Causes yellowing of the skin
83
Sclera
Yellowing of skin
84
Hepatitis A
Single stranded RNA Picornaviridae family
85
Transmission of hepatitis A
Viral particles are most concentrated in the feces two weeks before symptoms develops, remains infectious per month outside of the body, HAV is infected by high temperature
86
Hepatitis B
Double stranded enveloped DNA virus Hepadnaviridae family
87
Transmission of hepatitis B
Direct contact with bodily fluid Accidental through percutaneous exposures
88
HBV signs and symptoms
Can cause ache infection | Long incubation time
89
Cirrhosis
Caused by HBv
90
Hepatitis C
single stranded enveloped RNA virus Flavivridae family
91
Transmission of HCV
Blood and bodily fluid | Vertical transmission
92
Why is HCV silent killer
Chronic symptoms usually not diagnosed until one ha serious liver problems
93
Hepatitis D and E
Concern in developing countries
94
Hepatitis D requires coinfection with
Hepatitis B to be transmitted, though not clear why

human infectious diseases (13 decks)

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