Evans Final Flashcards
(128 cards)
1
Q
organisms share 5 things
A
- made of cells
- store and process heritable information
- replication
- evolution
- use energy
2
Q
cell theory
A
all organisms are made of cells - all cells come from other cells
3
Q
what 3 things do you need for natural selection to occur
A
- variation
- heritable variation
- variation must influence fitness
4
Q
artificial selection
A
individuals of a population are selected for mating based on certain traits
5
Q
Human taxonomic levels
A
Kingdom: Anamalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Primates Family: Hominidae Genus: Homo Species: sapiens
6
Q
name the 5 kingdoms
A
- Monera (prokaryotes)
- Protista (groups of unicellular eukaryotes)
- Plantae
- Fungi
- Anamalia
7
Q
homology
A
similarity in species inherited from an ancestor
8
Q
genetic homology
A
similarity in species DNA sequence, gene content due to shared ancestry
9
Q
developmental homology
A
similarity in species embryonic traits due to shared ancestry
10
Q
genetic correlation
A
selection favouring alleles for one trait causes a correlated but suboptimal change in an allele for another trait
11
Q
historical constraints
A
present variation biases future possibilities
12
Q
formal constraints
A
evolution needs to work within the laws of physics
13
Q
temporal constraints
A
evolution occurs by mutation and takes time for a series of useful mutations to occur
14
Q
pleotropic effects
A
genes influence more than one characteristic
15
Q
natural selection
A
increases/decreases the frequency of certain alleles
16
Q
genetic drift
A
any chance in allele frequencies in a population due to chance
17
Q
gene flow (migration)
A
introduces alleles from another population
18
Q
mutation
A
modifies allele frequencies by continually introducing new alleles, could be deleterious
19
Q
directional selection
A
changes average value of a trait - picks one extreme
20
Q
stabilizing selection
A
reduces amount of variation in a trait - most individuals have one trait and no others
21
Q
disruptive selection
A
maintains or increases the amount of variation in a trait - favours extremes
22
Q
negative frequency dependent selection
A
fitness is highest in rare phenotypes
23
Q
positive frequency dependent selection
A
fitness is highest in common phenotypes
24
Q
inbreeding
A
increases the frequency of homozygotes and reduces frequency of heterozygotes
- DOES NOT CHANGE ALLELE FREQUENCIES - IT CHANGES GENOTYPE FREQUENCIES
25
inbreeding depression
decline in average fitness that takes place when homozygosity increases in a population
26
isogamous
all individuals produce gametes that are the same size
27
sexual dimorphism
any trait that differs between males and females of the same species
28
prezygotic isolation
occurs when individuals of different species are prevented from mating
29
postzygotic isolation
individuals from different populations mate but hybrids have low fitness and don't survive or produce offspring
30
species
evolutionary independent population or group of populations
31
gene flow
homogenizes genetic variation among populations
32
biological species concept - BSC
assigns individuals to the same species if they actually or potentially interbreed
33
morphospecies concept
species are distinguished by differences in size, shape or other morphological features
34
phylogenetic species concept
based on reconstructing the evolutionary history of populations
35
allopatry
populations or species that live in different places
36
dispersal
population moves to a new habitat, colonizes it and forms a new population
37
vicariance
physical barrier splits a widespread population into subgroups that are physically isolated from each other
38
autopolyploids
produced by spontaneous genome duplication within a species
39
allopolyploids
result from genome duplication in association with hybridization of 2 different species
40
phylogeny
evolutionary history of a group of organisms
41
phylogenetic tree
ancestor-descendant relationships among populations or species and may be interpreted as depicting evolutionary history for the group
42
monophyletic group
set of individuals that has all descendants of their most recent common ancestor
43
adaptive radiations
instances of rapid diversification associated with new ecological opportunities and/or new morphological innovations
44
synapomorphies
trait that certain groups of organisms have that others don't
45
homoplasy
traits are similar for reasons other than common ancestry
46
convergent evolution
natural selection favours similar solutions to the problems posed by a similar way of life - cause of homoplasy
47
maximum parsimony
assumption that the most likely explanation or pattern is one that implies the least amount of change
48
cladograms
based on morphological data
49
background extinctions
occur when normal environmental change, emerging diseases or competition reduces certain populations to 0
50
mass extinctions
result from sudden and temporary changes in the environment, cause extinction randomly with respect to individual's fitness under normal conditions
51
branch
population through time
52
node
point where 2 branches diverge - point in time where ancestral species split into 2 or more descendants
53
tip
endpoint of a branch, represents a group (species or taxon) living today or ended in extinction
54
ancestral trait
one that came from an ancestor
55
derived trait
modified form of ancestral trait
56
habitat bias
beaches and swamps are more likely to have fossils, organisms that burrow are likely to be fossilized
57
taxonomic and tissue bias
slow decay is essential, bones and shells are less likely to be fossilized
58
temporal bias
recent fossils are more common, old rocks usually erode or sink due to continental drift
59
abundance bias
organisms that are abundant and widespread leave more evidence
60
what are the 2 eons?
precambrian and phanerozoic
61
Precambrian Eon
- mostly unicellular organisms once life began
- no oxygen for the first 2 billion years
- liquid water (Hadeon)
- origin of life (Archaeon)
- first eukaryotic fossils and the first photosynthetic eukaryotes (Proterozoic)
62
Phanerozoic Eon - name 3 eras
Paleozoic Era, Mesozoic Era, Cenozoic Era
63
Paleozoic Era
- first comb jellies, arthropods, vertebrates, phyla etc. (Cambrian Period)
- first land plants, cartilage fish and mycorrhizal fungi (Ordovician Period)
- bony fish (Silurian Period)
- insects, tetrapods (amphibians) (Devonian Period)
- reptiles (Carboniferous)
64
Mesozoic Era
- known for reptiles
- approx. 251 to 65.5 mya
- first dinosaurs (Triassic Period)
- mammals and birds (Jurassic Period)
- placental mammals (Cretaceous Period)
65
Cenozoic Era
- known for mammals
- approximately 65.5 mya to now
- first primates and apes (Paleogene)
- Homo sapiens (Neogene)
66
doushantuo microfossils
- approximately 570 mya
- sponges less than 1mm diameter
- cells that show animal embryos
67
Ediacaran
- approximately 565 to 542 mya
- sponges, jellies, comb jellies
- no shells, limbs or heads etc.
68
Burgess Shale Fossils
- approximately 525 to 515 mya
- soft bodied and hard
- arthropods and mollusks
69
tree of life
diagram showing relationships among species that you get from data, not observation
70
un-treelike interaction
1. hybridization - lineages come together and create fertile offspring, causes branches to fuse
2. lateral (horizontal) gene transfer - genes swap between asexual organisms
3. sex - 2 individuals fuse genomes
4. endosymbiosis - chloroplasts and mitochondria have their own genomes etc.
71
what did Darwin say about Evoltuion?
it's descent with modification
72
name 2 types of fossils that debunk the evolution myth
Trilobite fossils in BC (505mya) and Hominid footprints in Tanzania (3.6mya)
73
transitional forms
trait in fossils that is in-between older and younger species
74
vestigial traits
reduced or incompletely developed structure with no function or reduced function, still related to similar structures in closely related species
75
evolution
can be a change in allele frequencies in a population over time
76
prezygotic barriers
1. Temporal (breed at different times)
2. Habitat
3. Behavioural (different courtship)
4. Gametic (egg and sperm aren't compatible)
5. Mechanical (reproductive structures don't fit
77
postzygotic barriers
1. hybrid viability (offspring don't develop normally and die as embryos
2. hybrid sterility (mature but are sterile adults (liger))
78
phenetic approach to phylogenies
data to distance matrix to phylogeny, it summarizes the overall similarity among populations
79
cladistic approach
maximum parsimony, relationships among species can be reconstructed by finding synapomorphies
80
name the 4 ways fossils can form
1. no decomposition, organic remains stay intact (fossil pollen)
2. sediments fall on top and become sedimented into shale etc. the weight compresses to a film (leaves)
3. decompose after burial, the hole left over fills with minerals and forms a cast
4. remains rot slowly, dissolved minerals gradually fill it (petrified wood)
81
temporal colinearity
genes at the 3' end are expressed earlier than 5' in Hox genes
82
quantitative colinearity
when genes are overlapping, gradients of expression correspond with chromosomal location
83
SINEs
short interspersed nuclear elements
84
asymmetric
no plane of symmetry
85
radial symmetry
multiple planes of symmetry
86
bilateral symmetry
single plane of symmetry
87
modularity
feature of development that facilitates variation
88
nonfunctionalization
duplicates original gene but the duplicated gene fails, left with original
89
redundancy
sometimes you just need 2 or more genes - ribosomal RNA
90
neofunctionalization
duplicated gene gives a new function
91
subfunctionalization
2 parts to a protein, a mutation causes both parts to be necessary for function of the whole protein. supposed to be advantageous thus favored by natural selection
92
crytpic species
species not easily distinguished by morphology, animal and plant parts are usually not easily identified
93
reinforcement
selected traits for each population reinforce the differences between the populations (hybrid)
94
spatial colinearity
order of the genes correspond to where they are expressed in the embryo
95
what are the 4 ways we know the genes between fruit flies and humans are similar
1. similar DNA sequences (homeobox domain)
2. similar genomic organization
3. similar expression patterns during development
4. similar function
96
hox genes
transcription factors
97
evidence for the impact hypothesis
1. sedimentary rocks found in the Cretaceous period have high [iridium] found in space rock
2. shocked quartz and microtektites found at documented impact sites are found at the crater off the Yucatan peninsula
98
therapsids
reptiles with hair, ancestor of mammals
99
pangaea
200 mya
100
150 years ago pangaea broke into...
laurasia and gondwanaland
101
how can you tell when the climate is cold and warm due to the oxygen isotopes
more 16-O in oceans, there is warmer temperatures, lots of glaciers and cool temperature there is higher 18-O in the oceans
102
potassium argon dating
argon is boiled out as lava, if there is any left it's due to potassium decay, used for 500 000+ years
103
14-C
anything alive has the same ratio of 12-C to 14-C as the atmosphere, as soon as it dies the 14-C decays into 12-C, used for less than 40 000 years
104
thermoluminescence
cosmic rays penetrate rock and dislodge electrons from atoms, when you heat the rock you dislodge electrons back to their atoms which gives light, the amount of electrons trapped gives the age, used for inbetween 14-C and potassium argon
105
electron spin resonance dating
age of apatite crystals in teeth, used for in-between 14-C and potassium argon dating
106
uranium lead dating
uranium decay leads to unstable elements that lead up to stable lead
107
gymnosperms
redwood, pine, fir
108
angiosperms
flowering plants
109
plesiadapiforms
shrew-like creatures that were adapted for many things due to many species, had claws
110
traits for early primates
forward facing eyes, grasping hands and feet, nails on fingers and toes,
111
traits for modern primates
tropical forests covered most of the globe, hind limb posture, shorter snouts and had an eye socket with a larger brain
112
NWM from bolivia in the Oligocene
frugivory
113
insectivore
large, sharp incisors and canines to bite through the exoskeleton
114
foliforous
small incisors with large premolar crests
115
frugivorous
large incisors to peel the skin of fruit with small molars
116
apes
- hang below branches
- use arms to swing between branches
- tail muscles are reconstructed to support the pelvic floor
- upright posture
- long arms and short legs
- short and stiff lumbar spine
117
monkeys
- move along tops of branches and use their tails for balance
- sitting pads
- jump between branches
118
proconsulids
- no tail, no sitting pads
- larger brain to body size ratio
- thin enamel on teeth means a frugivorus diet
- grasping thumbs
119
sahelanthropus tchadensis
- foramen magnum is underneath the skill suggesting bipedalism
- flat face
- brain size of chimps
120
orrorin tugenensis
- teeth like chimps
- arm and finger bones adapted for climbing
- bipedal
121
ardipithecus
- general diet
- shorter arms compared to apes
- brain size of an ape
- upright and less prognathism compared to chimps
122
hominins between 2-4 mya
australopithecus - small bipeds and a general diet
paranthropus - huge teeth and jaws for plant material
kenyanthropus - flat face and small teeth
123
oldowan tool industry or mode 1
flakes, cores, hammer stones, debris, rounded stones flaked to produce and edge
124
homo ergaster
Derived features: shorter face, less prognathism, taller skull, small jaws
Derived not in humans: occipital torus, large brow
Ancestral: narrowing behind eyes, receding forehead, no chin
- used mode 2 (biface, hand axe)
125
homo erectus
- larger face, thicker cranium, lower pronounced brow, occiputal torus is larger, saggital keel, shorter and stockier, used mode 1
126
levallois technique (mode 3)
core with a convex surface, strike at one end, when you hit the platform you get a flake
127
homo heidelbergensis
mode 1
128
neanderthals
used mode 3
