Quinn Final Flashcards
(105 cards)
1
Q
proximate
A
immediate sequence of physiological effects that lead to a behaviour
2
Q
ultimate
A
adaptive value or evolutionary origins of the observed behaviour
3
Q
deprivation experiment
A
prevents learning opportunities through isolation of the subject, if it still does the behaviour it means there is a genetic component
4
Q
fixed action pattern
A
pattern appearing complete and played out to completion once activated by a simple sensory cue
5
Q
sign stimulus
A
external stimulus that triggers the fixed action pattern
6
Q
releaser cue
A
stimulus that signals from one individual to another
7
Q
emlen funnels
A
used for birds, put them in it and tracks the way their feet are positioned so you can base where it wants to fly off that
8
Q
microevolution
A
change in gene frequency over time
9
Q
instinct
A
behaviour pattern that develops in individuals that get adequate nutrition and occurs when prompted the first time
10
Q
learning
A
– usually adaptive change in an animal’s behaviour due to experience of that individual animal
11
Q
habituation
A
repeated stimuli without appropriate feedback/unimportant stimuli
12
Q
imprinting
A
structured learning or life-long learning
13
Q
associative learning
A
association of stimuli to something else, 2 types
14
Q
classical conditioning
A
pavlov’s dog
15
Q
operant conditioning
A
trial and error
16
Q
insight behaviour
A
correct behaviour the first time by reasoning
17
Q
altruist
A
individual who behaves in a way to benefit others at some cost to itself
18
Q
epidietic display
A
population assessing its size, takes into account the type of habitat they have if there are too many of them they don’t breed
19
Q
population ecology
A
how and why the number of individuals in a population change over time
20
Q
generation
A
avg. time between a mothers first offspring and her daughters first offspring
21
Q
life table
A
summarizes the chance an individual survives and reproduces in a time interval over it’s life
22
Q
survivorship
A
proportion of offspring produced that survived
23
Q
cohort
A
group that is the same age
24
Q
type 1 survivorship curve
A
survivorship throughout life is high, most reach the max life span (humans)
25
type 2 survivorship curve
same probability of dying each year of life (songbirds)
26
type 3 survivorship curve
plants have extremely high death rates for seeds but higher rates for living later in life
27
fecundity
number of female offspring produced by each female in a population
28
fitness trade-offs
every individual has a restricted amount of time and energy, resources are limited
29
life history
how an individual places resources on growth, reproduction and activities
30
high fecundity
grow quickly, reach sexual maturity early and produce lots of offspring
31
high survivorship
grow slow and invest resources in traits to reduce damage from enemies and increase their ability to compete for H2O and sunlight or food
32
exponential population growth
r doesn't change with population size or density
33
carrying capacity
maximum number of individuals in a population that can survive in a habitat over a certain amount of time
34
density independent factors
alter birth rates and death, changes in abiotic environment, catastrophic events
35
density dependent factors
changes as a function of population size, biotic in nature like tree crowding, changes in survivorship and fecundity cause logistic population growth, define a habitats carrying capacity
36
population dynamics
changes in population through time, species occupy many small patches of habitat so they form lots of populations or a metapopulation, means there is a balance between extinction and reconciliation
37
competition
individuals use the same resources, it lowers the fitness for both (-/-)
38
consumption
one organism eats or absorbs nutrients (+/-)
39
mutualism
2 species interact and benefits both (+/+)
40
commensalism
one species benefits and the other is unaffected
41
intraspecific competition
competition between members of the same species, it's the major cause for density dependent growth
42
interspecific competition
different species use the same resources, occurs where the niches of 2 species overlap
43
why isn't it possible for species in the same niche to coexist
competitive exclusion principle, asymmetric competition, symmpetric competition
44
symmetric competition
each species experience an equal decrease in fitness
45
asymmetric competition
one species suffers a greater fitness decline
46
fundamental niche
combination of resources or areas used/conditions tolerated in the absence of competitors
47
realized niche
portion of resources or areas used or conditions tolerated when competition occurs
48
niche differentation
evolutionary change in resource use, causes character displacement (galapagos finches)
49
herbivory
plant eaters consume plant tissue
50
parasitism
parasite consumes small amounts of tissue or nutrients from the host
51
predation
predator kills and consumes all or most of an individual
52
aposematic colouration
poisonous animals, they have a type of standing or constitutive defense, always present
53
mimicry
one species closely resembles another, harmful prey spcies resemble each other - Mullerian mimicry
54
batesian mimicry
wasps act as a model for harmless species and predators avoid them
55
mutualism
deceit can occur but (+/+)
56
keystone species
great impact on distribution and abundance of the surrounding species
57
disturbance
any event that removes biomass from a community
58
primary succession
disturbance that removes the soil and its organisms, organisms above the surface (glaciers, floods, volcanic eruptions and landslides)
59
secondary succession
disturbance removes some or all of the organisms from an area, leaves the soil intact (fire and logging)
60
early successional communities
dominated by species that are short lived and small, disperse seeds over long distances
61
late successional communities
dominated by species that are long lived, large, good competitors
62
pioneering species
weeds, they devote energy to reproduction and no competition, high fecundity but low survivorship
63
succession can have one of 3 effects on subsequent species
1. facilitation
2. tolerance
3. inhibition
64
facilitation
presence of an early arriving species makes conditions favourable for another
65
tolerance
existing species don't affect probability that new species will become established
66
inhibition
presence of one species inhibits establishment of another
67
species richness
count of how many species are in a community
68
species diversity
weighted measure incorporating a species relative abundance and presence or absence
69
consumers
primary eat primary producers
secondary eat primary consumers
tertiary eat secondary consumers
70
genetic diversity
total genetic info contained with all individuals of a species, number and relative frequency of all alleles in a species
71
ecosystem diversity
all biotic communities ina region along with abiotic components
72
habitat fragmentation
1. can reduce habitats to a size too small to support some species
2. creating habitat in a human dominated landscape, reduces the ability of individuals to disperse from one habitat to another
3. causes large amounts of edge habitat
73
population
group of conspecifics living in the same place and time
74
demography
factors and processes affecting the size and age of structures over time
75
population size
breeding colonies, nesting colonies, active nest counts etc.
76
quadrant survey estimates
identify every plant in the area
77
point-quarter survey estimates
trees, random number of paces and throw it, ends up determining how close trees usually are
78
ecosystem
all interactions between biotic and abiotic organisms
79
bogs
stagnant and acidic, unproductive, carnivorous plants, quaking bogs, wainfleet bogs
80
marshes
nonwoody plants, productive but no trees
81
swamps
trees and shrubs
82
tropical wet forests
rich in species, average temperature isn't high, variation is low, high precipitation and high variation
83
subtropical desert
high temperature and low precipitation
84
temperate grasslands
dominant life in prairies, moderate temperature and low precipitation with variation
85
temperate forest
broad-leaved deciduous trees (pine), moderate temperature and precipitation, moderate variation
86
boreal forest
needled-leaved evergreens (spruce), low temperature (high variation) and precipitation (low variation)
87
arctic tundra
cold tolerant shrubs, lichens, low temperature and low precipitation with huge variation
88
evolutionary adaptation
long term, genetically based changes - natural selection favouring individuals carrying beneficial mutation
89
physiological acclimatization
weeks or months, metabolic or physiological adjustment within the cells or tissues of an organism in response to environmental stimuli
90
behavioural response
short term, retreat to burrow from a predator etc.
91
organismal ecology
how individuals interact with each other and environment
92
population ecology
how does population size change over time
93
community ecology
how species interact and the consequences
94
ecosystem ecology
how energy and nutrients cycle through the environment
95
littoral zone
shallow waters along the shore, plants are rooted here
96
limnetic zone
offshore and comprises water receiving enough light to support photosynthesis
97
benthic zone
made of substrate
98
photic zone
parts of littoral, limnetic and benthic zones receiving sunlight
99
aphotic zone
parts of a lake or pond not getting sunlight
100
streams
oxygen levels are high, slow moving streams have more nutrients because they aren't constantly being washed away
101
estuaries
form where rivers meet the ocean, most productive
102
intertidal zone
rocky, sandy, exposed at low tide
103
neritic zone
intertidal zone to the continental shelf
104
oceanic zone
open ocean! wee.
105
net primary productivity
energy invested in a new tissue of an autotroph
