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Flashcards in Quinn Midterm 2 Deck (63)
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1
Q

davids score

A

high school = high dominance

2
Q

pukeko beaks

A

made the beaks smaller and the bird would have more attacks because he acted how he would with his regular beak size and the others thought he was being cocky so they attacked him, after the experiment the beak actually did get smaller showing a feedback mechanism

3
Q

cukoo birds

A

males toss eggs out of the nest

4
Q

proximate

A

immediate PHYSIOLOGICAL response that leads to behaviour

5
Q

ultimate

A

adaptive value or evolutionary origins of behaviour - why they behave this way

6
Q

deprivation experiment

A

no learning, isolate the subject so the genetic component of a behaviour can be proved
ex. squirrel is raised in a box from infancy without it’s natural environment and once placed in it’s environment with a nut it’ll bury the nut - suggests genetic component

7
Q

selection experiment

A

breed for specific traits, after generations of selective breeding you get a large directional selection (separation) so you get both extremes

8
Q

crossing of genetic strains

A

bees - haplodiploidy

9
Q

haplodiploidy

A

queen bee stores sperm in the spermitheca and the bee will become a diploid female (worker), if the bee keeps the spermitheca closed then the bee will be a haploid male drone

10
Q

hygenic bees

A

dead larvae in a cell - unseal and remove - reduces infection risk

11
Q

nonhygenic bees

A

do not uncap and do not remove dead larvae

12
Q

molecular genetics

A

mono amine oxidase - neurotransmitter that isn’t broken down causes hyperaggression
rover maggots - wander back and forth between food source
sitter maggots - sit on a patch of food
gene on chromosome 2 that has a forager gene causing the PKG to increase

13
Q

fruit fly

A

high pkg for rover, low pkg for sitter

14
Q

honey bee

A

high pkg makes the bee go to the hive quicker, low pkg causes the bee to stay in housekeeping for longer

15
Q

worm

A

high pkg causes them to sit, low pkg causes them to roam (opposite)

16
Q

ant

A

high pkg causes high guarding capabilities and have a major caste, low pkg causes high foraging with a minor caste

17
Q

fixed action pattern

A

pattern played to completion once activated by a sensory cue, geese roll eggs back to nest no matter what, if you take the egg away mid roll it will keep rolling without the egg

18
Q

blackcap birds

A

originally go southwest but now they go west and southwest, migration has a genetic component

19
Q

instinct

A

during the first signal the behaviour is functional

20
Q

learning

A

adaptive change in animals behaviour, experience based

21
Q

pink cockatoo and galah

A

both lay eggs in the same nest and the cockatoo will kick the galah out but the nest will have galah eggs, the begging call will be galah, alarm call will be galah but contact call will be cockatoo because thats who the bird was raised around

22
Q

habituation

A

repeated stimuli without reaction, we get used to wearing clothes

23
Q

imprinting

A

structured learning, lifelong and genetically based

24
Q

associative learning

A

classical conditioning (pavlovs dog), operant conditioning (trial and error)

25
Q

insight behaviour

A

reasoning, not instinct

26
Q

harring gulls

A

chicks are attracted tot he red part underneath the parent beak, if the peck it then the parent will feed them
newborn: a red dot on a fake parent causes them to peck
5 days: only peck at head shapes with red dot
3 weeks: will only peck at parents
LEARNING CAN SHAPE INSTINCT

27
Q

wasps

A

use pinecones to find burrows, honeybees communicate by using the sun and gravity, a downward motion shows where the food is and the amount of waggling determines how far away it is

28
Q

altruist

A

one who behaves in ways to benefit others at a cost to itself, a bad explanation

29
Q

birds

A

have an epidietic display, if the population is too high they won’t reproduce that year, but the selfish birds will ultimately making more selfish birds and causing destruction of the habitat

30
Q

hamiltons rule

A

rB>C means you should help another, r = coefficient of relatedness, B = darwinian fitness benefit to the recipient, C = darwinian fitness cost to the donor

31
Q

human change in DNA compared to our nearest living relative

A

undergenetic drift, favoured natural selection and only acts on non-synonymous substitutions

32
Q

non-synonymous : synonymous

A

non-synonymous should be higher in genes that differ from directional selection

33
Q

ecology

A

study of environment and how organisms interact with it, biotic and abiotic

34
Q

wetlands: bogs

A

stagnant water, acidic, unproductive, carnivorous plants

35
Q

wetlands: marshes

A

nonwoody plants, productive, no trees - cootes

36
Q

wetlands: swamps

A

trees and shrubs

37
Q

tropical wet forests

A

rich in species, high temperature - low variation, high precipitation - high variation

38
Q

subtropical desert

A

high temperature - moderate variation, low species, low precipitation - moderate variation

39
Q

temperate grasslands

A

moderate temperature-moderate variation, low precipitation - no variation

40
Q

temperate forests

A

broad leaved deciduous trees, moderate temperature-moderate variation, moderate precipitation - moderate variation

41
Q

boreal forests

A

needled trees and evergreens, low temperature-high variation, low precipitation-low variation

42
Q

arctic tundra

A

cold tolerant shrubs, evergreens, low temperature-high variation, low precipitation-low variation

43
Q

evolutionary adaptation

A

long term, genetically based changes due to natural selection

44
Q

psychological adaptation

A

weeks/months, metabolic and physiological adjustment in cells and tissues, helps cope with environment

45
Q

behavioural response

A

short term, retreat to burrows in heat/from predator

46
Q

organismal ecology

A

how do individuals interact with each other and environment?

47
Q

population ecology

A

how and why does population size change over time

48
Q

community ecology

A

how do species interact with each other and what are the consequences

49
Q

ecosystem ecology

A

how do energy and nutrients cycle through environment?

50
Q

generation

A

average time between a mothers first offspring and her daughters first offspring

51
Q

life table

A

probability that an individual will survive and reproduce in any given time interval over the course of it’s lifetime

52
Q

survivorship

A

proportion of offspring produced that survive to a certain age

53
Q

cohort

A

a group of the same age that is followed through time, how many survive to age 1,2,3 etc.

54
Q

fecundity

A

number of female offspring produced by each female in a population

55
Q

age specific fecundity

A

average number of female offspring produced by a female in age class x

56
Q

age class

A

group of individuals of a certain age (between 4-5 yrs old etc)

57
Q

why do fitness trade offs occur?

A

every individual has a certain amount of time and energy it can use, female lizard uses most of her energy to produce lots of offspring, she can’t devote that to her immune system etc that increases survival

58
Q

life history

A

how an individual allocates resources to growth, reproduction and activities related to survival, shaped by natural selection to max fitness

59
Q

high fecundity

A

grow quickly, reach sexual maturity at a young age, produce many small eggs or seeds

60
Q

high survivorship

A

grow slowly, invest resources in traits to reduce damage from enemies and increase ability to compete for water, sunlight/food

61
Q

exponential population growth

A

r doesn’t change with population density or size

62
Q

density dependent

A

population growth where the rate doesn’t depend on the number of individuals in a population

63
Q

carrying capacity K

A

max number of individuals in a population that can be supported in a certain habitat over a sustained period of time