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Study Study Ch. 9-14 Flashcards

(37 cards)

1
Q

What was predominant about the precambrian era?

A

first marine life

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2
Q

paleozoic

A

first vertebrates, reptiles etc.

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3
Q

mesozoic

A

triassic, jurassic (mammals and angiosperms), cretaceous - placental mammals

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4
Q

cenozoic

A

primates and apes in the paleogene, homo sapiens in neogene

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5
Q

potassium argon dating

A

requires lava, 500 000+ years old, any argon left in the rock is due to decaying of potassium, lava boils argon away

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6
Q

C 14 dating

A

living things have the same amount of C14 carbon and C12 carbon, at death the C14 decays into C12 and the ratio of the 2 determines age, has to be less than 40 000 years

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7
Q

thermoluminescence

A

nuclear particles from cosmic rays are trapped by the particles, these particles are released when heated and you can determine the current particle composition, used if something is too old for C14 and too young for potassium argon dating

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8
Q

electron spin resonance dating

A

measures trapped electrons in apatite crystals found in tooth enamel

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9
Q

therapsids

A

ancestor to mammals, they were part reptile, first mammal

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10
Q

16O and 18O

A

snow, rain and glaciers all have higher 16 O than oceans, lots of snow rain and glaciers cause a decrease in the ratio of 16O:18O because 16O is trapped in glaciers

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11
Q

vascular plant

A

circulation system, larger than non-vascular plants, angiosperms, ferns and gymnosperms

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12
Q

angiosperms

A

have fruit around the seed coat or testa

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13
Q

gymnosperms

A

ovules without a cover “naked seeds”

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14
Q

Sahelanthropus

A

earliest known hominin
east africa
foramen magnum - hole in the skull where the spinal cord passes is under the skull and suggests bipedalism
approximate brain size of a chimp
small teeth but thick enamel, flat face with a large brow

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15
Q

Orrorin

A

thick enamel
adaptive fingers for climbing
upright and bipedal
long neck

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16
Q

ardipithecus

A

thick enamel
bipedal
less jaw protrustion than chimps

17
Q

hominids 4-6 mya

A

sahelanthropus, orrorin, ardipithecus

18
Q

hominins 2-4 mya

A

australopithecus, parantrhopus, kenyanthropus

19
Q

australopithecus

A
bipedal
long forearms
receding chin
small teeth 
found in kenya
20
Q

paranthropus

A

big teeth
ate plants
kenya
pronounced saggital crest

21
Q

saggital crest

A

bone along the middle of the skull

22
Q

kenyanthropus

A

small teeth
flat face
thick enamel

23
Q

oldwan/mode 1

A

hammer stones
choppers
cores and flakes
found around animal bones suggesting meat eating and kill stations

24
Q

H. Ergaster

A

could be the same as Erectus
Africa and Eurasia
Ancestral feature: receding forehead, occipital torus
derived features: short nose, little prognathism, slow development, little sexual dimorphism, large brain, mode 2 stone biface but overlapped with mode 1

25
occipital torus
horizontal ridge at the back of the skull
26
H. erectus
``` java, indonesia until about 30 000 years ago large face thick skull occipital torus pronounced brow ridge saggital keel mode 1 tools ```
27
saggital keel
V shaped ridge at the top of the skull
28
H. heidelbergensis
``` large brains ancestral: long low thick skull, prognathism, large brow derived: high forehead rounded occipital bone used Levallois technique - mode 3 ```
29
levallois technique
modify a core so a sharp chunk comes off with ridges
30
H. fibrensis
``` small indonesian island with pigmies small brain 1m tall descendent from Erectus mode 1 ```
31
neanderthals
``` europe large brow ridge stocky low forehead large brains rounded teeth and large at the front mode 3 - liked meat clothes ```
32
multiregional hypothesis
out of africa 1.8 mya, supported by: asians have shovel shaped incisors, australian aborigines have a prognathic face and large cheeks, both could have been convergently evolved
33
denisova hominin genome
hominin from asia closely related to neanderthals, genome found in melanesia and new guinea
34
HAR1
fastest changing region in genome, suggested to be shaped by natural selection, it's associated with the brain protein reelin which causes the layered structure found in human brains, could explain how we evolved so quickly over few years
35
FOXP2
gene that was selected for by directional selection, damage to it causes parts of the brain needed for language to be developed, codes for a transcription factor belonging to genes that regulate gene expression in development
36
pastoralists
pasture- animals, no farming
37
westermarcks hypothesis
people living in intimate association as small children don't find each other sexually attractive as adults