Study Study Ch. 9-14 Flashcards
(37 cards)
What was predominant about the precambrian era?
first marine life
paleozoic
first vertebrates, reptiles etc.
mesozoic
triassic, jurassic (mammals and angiosperms), cretaceous - placental mammals
cenozoic
primates and apes in the paleogene, homo sapiens in neogene
potassium argon dating
requires lava, 500 000+ years old, any argon left in the rock is due to decaying of potassium, lava boils argon away
C 14 dating
living things have the same amount of C14 carbon and C12 carbon, at death the C14 decays into C12 and the ratio of the 2 determines age, has to be less than 40 000 years
thermoluminescence
nuclear particles from cosmic rays are trapped by the particles, these particles are released when heated and you can determine the current particle composition, used if something is too old for C14 and too young for potassium argon dating
electron spin resonance dating
measures trapped electrons in apatite crystals found in tooth enamel
therapsids
ancestor to mammals, they were part reptile, first mammal
16O and 18O
snow, rain and glaciers all have higher 16 O than oceans, lots of snow rain and glaciers cause a decrease in the ratio of 16O:18O because 16O is trapped in glaciers
vascular plant
circulation system, larger than non-vascular plants, angiosperms, ferns and gymnosperms
angiosperms
have fruit around the seed coat or testa
gymnosperms
ovules without a cover “naked seeds”
Sahelanthropus
earliest known hominin
east africa
foramen magnum - hole in the skull where the spinal cord passes is under the skull and suggests bipedalism
approximate brain size of a chimp
small teeth but thick enamel, flat face with a large brow
Orrorin
thick enamel
adaptive fingers for climbing
upright and bipedal
long neck
ardipithecus
thick enamel
bipedal
less jaw protrustion than chimps
hominids 4-6 mya
sahelanthropus, orrorin, ardipithecus
hominins 2-4 mya
australopithecus, parantrhopus, kenyanthropus
australopithecus
bipedal long forearms receding chin small teeth found in kenya
paranthropus
big teeth
ate plants
kenya
pronounced saggital crest
saggital crest
bone along the middle of the skull
kenyanthropus
small teeth
flat face
thick enamel
oldwan/mode 1
hammer stones
choppers
cores and flakes
found around animal bones suggesting meat eating and kill stations
H. Ergaster
could be the same as Erectus
Africa and Eurasia
Ancestral feature: receding forehead, occipital torus
derived features: short nose, little prognathism, slow development, little sexual dimorphism, large brain, mode 2 stone biface but overlapped with mode 1