Study Study Ch. 9-14

Question 1

What was predominant about the precambrian era?

Answer 1

first marine life

Question 2

paleozoic

Answer 2

first vertebrates, reptiles etc.

Question 3

mesozoic

Answer 3

triassic, jurassic (mammals and angiosperms), cretaceous - placental mammals

Question 4

cenozoic

Answer 4

primates and apes in the paleogene, homo sapiens in neogene

Question 5

potassium argon dating

Answer 5

requires lava, 500 000+ years old, any argon left in the rock is due to decaying of potassium, lava boils argon away

Question 6

C 14 dating

Answer 6

living things have the same amount of C14 carbon and C12 carbon, at death the C14 decays into C12 and the ratio of the 2 determines age, has to be less than 40 000 years

Question 7

thermoluminescence

Answer 7

nuclear particles from cosmic rays are trapped by the particles, these particles are released when heated and you can determine the current particle composition, used if something is too old for C14 and too young for potassium argon dating

Question 8

electron spin resonance dating

Answer 8

measures trapped electrons in apatite crystals found in tooth enamel

Question 9

therapsids

Answer 9

ancestor to mammals, they were part reptile, first mammal

Question 10

16O and 18O

Answer 10

snow, rain and glaciers all have higher 16 O than oceans, lots of snow rain and glaciers cause a decrease in the ratio of 16O:18O because 16O is trapped in glaciers

Question 11

vascular plant

Answer 11

circulation system, larger than non-vascular plants, angiosperms, ferns and gymnosperms

Question 12

angiosperms

Answer 12

have fruit around the seed coat or testa

Question 13

gymnosperms

Answer 13

ovules without a cover “naked seeds”

Question 14

Sahelanthropus

Answer 14

earliest known hominin
east africa
foramen magnum - hole in the skull where the spinal cord passes is under the skull and suggests bipedalism
approximate brain size of a chimp
small teeth but thick enamel, flat face with a large brow

Question 15

Orrorin

Answer 15

thick enamel
adaptive fingers for climbing
upright and bipedal
long neck

Question 16

ardipithecus

Answer 16

thick enamel
bipedal
less jaw protrustion than chimps

Question 17

hominids 4-6 mya

Answer 17

sahelanthropus, orrorin, ardipithecus

Question 18

hominins 2-4 mya

Answer 18

australopithecus, parantrhopus, kenyanthropus

Question 19

australopithecus

Answer 19

bipedal
long forearms
receding chin
small teeth 
found in kenya

Question 20

paranthropus

Answer 20

big teeth
ate plants
kenya
pronounced saggital crest

Question 21

saggital crest

Answer 21

bone along the middle of the skull

Question 22

kenyanthropus

Answer 22

small teeth
flat face
thick enamel

Question 23

oldwan/mode 1

Answer 23

hammer stones
choppers
cores and flakes
found around animal bones suggesting meat eating and kill stations

Question 24

H. Ergaster

Answer 24

could be the same as Erectus
Africa and Eurasia
Ancestral feature: receding forehead, occipital torus
derived features: short nose, little prognathism, slow development, little sexual dimorphism, large brain, mode 2 stone biface but overlapped with mode 1

Question 25

occipital torus

Answer 25

horizontal ridge at the back of the skull

Question 26

H. erectus

Answer 26

``` java, indonesia until about 30 000 years ago large face thick skull occipital torus pronounced brow ridge saggital keel mode 1 tools ```

Question 27

saggital keel

Answer 27

V shaped ridge at the top of the skull

Question 28

H. heidelbergensis

Answer 28

``` large brains ancestral: long low thick skull, prognathism, large brow derived: high forehead rounded occipital bone used Levallois technique - mode 3 ```

Question 29

levallois technique

Answer 29

modify a core so a sharp chunk comes off with ridges

Question 30

H. fibrensis

Answer 30

``` small indonesian island with pigmies small brain 1m tall descendent from Erectus mode 1 ```

Question 31

neanderthals

Answer 31

``` europe large brow ridge stocky low forehead large brains rounded teeth and large at the front mode 3 - liked meat clothes ```

Question 32

multiregional hypothesis

Answer 32

out of africa 1.8 mya, supported by: asians have shovel shaped incisors, australian aborigines have a prognathic face and large cheeks, both could have been convergently evolved

Question 33

denisova hominin genome

Answer 33

hominin from asia closely related to neanderthals, genome found in melanesia and new guinea

Question 34

HAR1

Answer 34

fastest changing region in genome, suggested to be shaped by natural selection, it's associated with the brain protein reelin which causes the layered structure found in human brains, could explain how we evolved so quickly over few years

Question 35

FOXP2

Answer 35

gene that was selected for by directional selection, damage to it causes parts of the brain needed for language to be developed, codes for a transcription factor belonging to genes that regulate gene expression in development

Question 36

pastoralists

Answer 36

pasture- animals, no farming

Question 37

westermarcks hypothesis

Answer 37

people living in intimate association as small children don't find each other sexually attractive as adults