Evans Midterm 2

Question 1

Frugivory

Answer 1

large incisors/canines, small parallel ridges on molars because fruit is soft, thin enamel

Question 2

folivory

Answer 2

shearing blade on pre-molars for leaves, slicing crests on molars, thick enamel

Question 3

insectovore

Answer 3

sharp incisors from natural selection to break exoskeletons, large molars

Question 4

Anthropoids

Answer 4

NWM, OWM, apes and humans

Question 5

hominoids

Answer 5

apes and humans

Question 6

hominins

Answer 6

humans after divergence from chimps and bonobos

Question 7

hominoids/apes

Answer 7

gibbons, orangutans, gorillas, chimps, humans, apes differ in skeleton and teeth, brain and history
OWM and NWM: sit on branches have sitting pads
apes: hang below branches, long upper limbs and short legs, short stiff lumbar spine, no tails

Question 8

miocene hominids

Answer 8

quadrapedal and frugivores, no tails, fossils found in africa and eurasia

Question 9

gibbons

Answer 9

southeast asia, 17 species, monogamous like humans

Question 10

orangutans

Answer 10

southeast asia, 2 species live with gobbons, solitary, bi-maturation - face swells and they don’t keep terretories, rape occurs, use sticks to collect seeds from fruit and test water depth, use leaves to modify frequency of vocalization, communication is a response to emotion

Question 11

gorillas

Answer 11

harems - one silverback with many females and children, infanticide, never seen hunting, if they test feces there can be contamination from other species urine, use sticks to test water depth

Question 12

chimps

Answer 12

northwest of the congo river, live with gorillas, multimale/female groups, hunt other primates, use rocks to break open nuts, sticks to extract termites, leaves to drink water

Question 13

bonobos

Answer 13

little hierarchy, strong female-female bonds (sex), hunt other primates because they have less seasonality in food - rarely fight each other they help each other out

Question 14

double out of africa hypothesis

Answer 14

hominid in africa, out of africa (apes, gibbons, orangutans), back to africa, chimps and humans, humans go out of africa

Question 15

modern humans

Answer 15

bipedal, parabolic dental, thick molar enamel, reduced canines, large molars, long juvinille period, large brain compared to body, spoken language and symbols

Question 16

miocene/piocene

Answer 16

global cooling caused little rain and no seasons, rainforests to shrink, wood and grassland expanded which caused bipedalism to take over

Question 17

Ardipithecus

Answer 17

thick enamel, various diet, short arms, ape brain, upright, little prognathism

Question 18

Orrorin

Answer 18

thick enamel, long neck

Question 19

Sahelanthropus

Answer 19

foramen magnum (hole at the base of the spine to encourage bipedalism), small teeth and brain

Question 20

hominins 4-6 mya

Answer 20

small molars, thick enamel, large canines, large brow ridge, small brain

Question 21

Australopithecus

Answer 21

small bipeds and small teeth

Question 22

Paranthropus

Answer 22

small bipeds and large teeth, ate plants

Question 23

Kenyanthropus

Answer 23

small teeth, flat face

Question 24

Sensory locomotion in apes

Answer 24

short body with long arms, hook like fingers with opposable thumbs, no tail and strong pelvis shapes body support upright

Question 25

pelvis in chimps

Answer 25

legs come out the sides because they walk on all 4s

Question 26

Sustralopithecus

Answer 26

femurs come out the bottom of the pelvis, encourages bipedalism

Question 27

bipedalism

Answer 27

keeps us cooler, more wind and less skin exposed to sunlight, arms are free to carry things and increased dependence of offspring

Question 28

hunting

Answer 28

pursue living things for food, trade, fun

Question 29

Baboons

Answer 29

hunt in open/dry areas

Question 30

hominin behaviour

Answer 30

share large prey, keep small food for themselves, food is clumped so the group together defends the food and they share it - makes it less costly to work together than individually

Question 31

oldwan or mode 1 tools

Answer 31

found in ethiopia 2.5 mya, round stones with flaked edges, choppers, hammer stones are pits from one stone smashing onto another, bang core stones to get flakes, used for large game butchering

Question 32

collection

Answer 32

collected from environment and eaten as is, fruit and leaves

Question 33

extraction

Answer 33

protected, like fruit in shells, termites, honey, needs years of practice

Question 34

hunting

Answer 34

things that run away, extracted and processed, usually men do it, needs years of practice

Question 35

sharing

Answer 35

success at hunting is unpredictable and specialization increases efficiency

Question 36

pleistocene

Answer 36

cooling started around 1.8 mya, we are in the holocene right now from 12 000 years ago

Question 37

homo ergaster

Answer 37

kenya, south africa, georgia ancestral features: narrow braincase derived features: short nose, slow development, less sexual dimorphism, added mode 2 (stone biface) with mode 1

Question 38

homo erectus

Answer 38

java, indonesia, large face, thick skull, large brow ridges, saggital keel no saggital crest, mode 1

Question 39

homo heidelbergensis

Answer 39

large brain ancestral: thick skull, large brow ridge derived: high forehead, occipital rounded bone mode 2 and mode 3 (modified rock edges)

Question 40

neanderthals

Answer 40

europe, western asia, south siberia, faces bulge in the middle, large brow ridge, rounded back of the skull, large skull adapted to cold, stocky, mode 3 with white skin from being in the north, ate meat and plants, wore clothes, had fore and had symbolic objects

Question 41

out of africa

Answer 41

homo erectus went out of africa to eurasia caused gene flow to homo heidelbergensis to east asia and australia

Question 42

multiregional hypothesis

Answer 42

out of africa 1.8 mya, supported by: asians - shovel shaped incisors and: prognathic face and large cheeks in australian aborigines - they both convergently evolved or a polymorphic ancestral feature - humans replaced neanderthals and homo erectus, there was no interbreeding

Question 43

MtDNA

Answer 43

divergence between the non-african haplotype was 1.8 mya, early asian had no contribution to surviving mtDNA, not the date of modern humans but the date of that DNA

Question 44

who had gene flow?

Answer 44

humans and neanderthals, modern europeans are more similar, non-africans share 1-4% of their entire genome, africans don't share any, there was gene flow after we left africa

Question 45

who didn't have gene flow?

Answer 45

neanderthals and europeans, homo erectus and neanderthals

Question 46

who possibly had gene flow?

Answer 46

neanderthals and ancestral europeans and asians

Question 47

denisova hominin genome

Answer 47

hominin from asia closely related to neanderthals, genome found in melanesia and new guinea

Question 48

asia - single dispersal

Answer 48

australian aboriginals are related to mainland asians

Question 49

asia - double dispersal

Answer 49

colonized australian and dispersed european ancestors, genome sequence is more relevant to this one