Eveything else needed for midterm Flashcards
(164 cards)
1
Q
what are the 2 sections of pelvis?
A
- pelvis major (false pelvis)
- pelvis minor (true pelvis)
2
Q
where is the pelvis major (false)?
A
Between the illiac fossa superiorly and the pelvic brim inferiorly
3
Q
what does the pelvis major (false) contain?
A
Contains abdominal viscera such as parts of the small intestine and sigmoid colon
4
Q
where is the pelvis minor (true)?
A
Between pelvic brim superiorly and pelvic diaphragm inferiorly
5
Q
what does the pelvis minor (true) contain?
A
Contains bladder, rectum, internal reproductive organs, and some intestinal tract if it reaches.
6
Q
what is the linea terminalis?
A
Imaginary line that separates the true and false pelvis. Runs from the sacral promontory to the symphysis pubis.
7
Q
what are the components of the osseous?
A
-Os coxae (hip bones) ilium ischium pubis -sacrum -coccyx
8
Q
what does the os coxae consist of?
A
- ilium
- pubis
- ischium
9
Q
where do the os coxae bones meet and fuse?
A
in the acetabulum
10
Q
what is the largest hip bone?
A
ilium
11
Q
what is the ala?
A
Superior ilium has large wing like surface
12
Q
where is the iliac crest?
A
Iliac crest is the superior margin limited anteriorly by the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) and posteriorly by the posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS)
13
Q
where is the origin for the iliacus muscle?
A
Inner aspect of the ala
14
Q
where do the bodies of the pubic bones meet?
A
symphysis pubis
15
Q
what is the small projection lateral to the body of the pubic bone?
A
pubic tubercle
16
Q
where does the superior pubic ramus extend?
A
laterally from pubic tubercle to ilium
17
Q
what forms the pectineal line?
A
Sharp superior margin of pubic ramus forms the pectineal line – continuous with arcuate line (pelvic brim)
18
Q
where does the inferior pubic ramus extend?
A
inferiorly from body to connect with ischium. (2 = pubic arch)
19
Q
what is the pubic arch in males and females?
A
<70° in males, > 80° in females
20
Q
where is the ischium bone?
A
Inferior portion of os coxae
21
Q
what is the ischiopubic ramus?
A
Ramus of ischium meets ischium of pubis bone
22
Q
what is the ischial tuberocity?
A
Posteroinferior border of ischium has a bulky, rough surface
23
Q
where is the ischial spine?
A
superior border of lesser sciatic notch and inferior border of greater sciatic notch
24
Q
what is the sacrum?
A
5 fused distal segments of the vertebral spine
25
what marks the posterior portion of the pelvic inlet/brim?
Sacral promontory
26
what are sacral foramina?
Anterior and posterior bilateral columns or sacral nerve passage
27
what is the most inferior portion of the spine?
coccyx
28
does the coccyx offer support?
no
29
what are the 3 parts of the hip joint?
- greater trochanter
- neck
- head
30
female and male differences of pelvis
look at slides (PowerPoint)
31
What is the inferior boundary of the pelvis major?
pelvic brim, linea terminalis
32
What articulates with the auricular surface of the ilium?
sacrum
33
What bones form the os coxa?
illium
ishium
pubic bones
34
Where do the three bones of the os coxa meet?
the acetabulum
35
Which Pelvic bone is most inferior?
ischium
36
Which bone articulates with the sacrum inferiorly?
coccyx
37
What is the pelvis minor also referred to as?
The true pelvis
38
A pelvis with an acute subpubic angle belongs to which gender?
Male
39
what are the muscles of the false pelvis?
- Iliopsoas muscle
- Psoas Major
- Iliacus
- Rectus Abdominus
40
what does the iliopsoas consist of?
-psoas
-iliacus
joins at the crest level
41
where does the iliopsoas coarse?
- Courses anteriorly along the linea terminalis
- Travels over pelvic brim
- Inserts onto the lesser trochanter of the femur
42
what are the muscles of the true pelvis?
- obturator internus
- pelvic diaphragm
- coccygeus
- levator ani
- iliococcygeus
- pubococcygeus
-pirformis
43
what muscles cover the true pelvic wall?
- obturator internus
| - piriformis
44
what part of the wall does the obturator internus cover?
covers antero-lateral wall of true pelvis
45
where does the obturator internus travel?
Originates on inner inferior aspect of obturator foramen, crosses it and leaves pelvis through the lesser sciatic notch where it makes a sharp turn to insert on the medial surface of the greater trochanter.
46
what action does the obturator internus do?
rotates thigh
47
where does the piriformis travel?
Originates on anterior surface of the sacrum, pass through greater sciatic notch to insert on greater trochanter of femur
48
what action does the piriformis muscle do?
rotation and abduction of the thigh
49
what muscles cover the pelvic outlet?
- peritoneum (anal and urogenital triangle)
- pelvic diaphragm
- urogenital diaphragm
50
what muscles make up the pelvic diaphragm?
- levator ani (pubococcygeus, iliococcygeus)
| - coccygeus muscles
51
what muscles make up the urogenital diaphragm?
- transversus perineal
| - external urethral sphincter
52
what muscles make up the urogenital triangle?
- Bulbospongiosus
- Ischiocavernosus
- superficial Transversus Perineal
53
what muscle makes up the anal triangle?
Sphincter Ani muscle
54
what muscles aid in the contraction of the vagina and rectum?
levator ani muscles
- pubococcygeus
- iliococcygeus
55
where is the Pubococcygeus muscles?
Most medial and anterior muscles of the pelvic diaphragm extends from pubic bone to coccyx
56
where is the iliococcygeus muscle?
Lie posterolateral to the pubococcygeus - extend from lateral pubic bone and ischial spine to coccyx
57
where is the coccygeus muscle?
Most posterior muscle pair of the pelvic diaphragm - extend from ischial spine to the coccyx
58
what muscles make up the urogenital diaphragm?
- Deep Transverse Perineal (aka transverse perinei)
| - External Urethral Sphincter
59
where does the Deep Transverse Perineal travel?
horizontal muscles originating on ischial tuberosities and passing medially to insert on central perineal tendon
60
where does the External Urethral Sphincter travel?
voluntary (unlike internal urethral sphincter). Stops urine from exiting the bladder.
61
what is the outline of the diamond?
Diamond shaped area between pubic arch anteriorly, coccyx posteriorly and ischial tuberosities laterally.
62
where does the Superficial Transverse Perineal travel?
- Arise on ischial tuberosities and pass medially to insert on central perineal tendon.
- Divides perineum into urogenital and anal regions
63
where does the Ischiocavernosus travel?
Arise on ischial tuberosities, pass forward to insert on pubic arch and crus of penis (males) or clitoris (females)
64
where does the Bulbospongiosus travel?
Median line of urogential region.
Female - separated by urethra/vagina.
Male - unite midline and encircle corpus spongiosum of penis
65
what are the extra pelvic muscles?
Gluteus Maximus
Gluteus Medius
Gluteus Minimus
66
What muscle forms the anterolateral wall of the minor pelvis?
obturator internus
67
Which muscle fill the greater sciatic notch?
periformis
68
which muscles fills the lesser sciatic notch?
obturator internus
69
What are the two muscles of the pelvic diaphragm?
levator ani
70
What muscle of the perineum extends from the ischial tuberosity to the central tendon?
transverse perineal muscles
71
what is the path of the external iliac arteries?
follows pelvic brim, then becomes femoral artery
72
what is the path of the internal iliac arteries?
supplies to the true pelvis
73
where is the rectouterine pouch?
In females!!!
| between rectum and uterus
74
where is the the vesicouterine pouch?
in females!!
| between the bladder and uterus
75
where is the rectovesical pouch?
in males!!!
| between rectum and bladder
76
where do the ureters coarse?
Upper half of ureters are in the abdomen but cross over pelvic brim anterior to the internal iliac artery origin.
77
is the bladder in the false or true pelvis?
true pelvis
78
where does the bladder sit in females?
Bladder rests on pelvic floor, posterior to symphysis pubis
79
where does the bladder sit in males?
Prostate gland is between urinary bladder and pelvic floor
80
where is the urethra in males?
Urethra projects inferiorly from bladder to exterior (through the prostate gland in males)
81
where is the External urethral orifice?
orifice opens into the vestibule just anterior to the vagina
82
what are the 3 regions of the male urethra?
- Prostatic Urethra
- Membranous Urethra
- Penile (Spongy) Urethra
83
where does the male urethra extend?
Extends from internal urethral orifice to external urethral orifice at the tip of the glans penis
84
where do the Ejaculatory ducts from prostate gland open into?
Prostatic Urethra
85
what is the shortest/narrowest part of the male urethra?
Membranous Urethra
86
what is the trigone?
Area of bladder formed between the openings for 2 ureters and one opening for the internal urethral orifice. This area is the most sensitive to pain.
87
In the male, the rectovesical pouch is a peritoneal cul-de-sac between which two organs?
bladder and rectum
88
What organ is in between the bladder and the pelvic floor in the male?
prostate gland
89
What three openings form the corners of the trigone in the urinary bladder?
uteteral openings (2), internal urethral orifice
90
What is the most proximal portion of the male urethra?
prostatic
91
What are the female reproductive structures?
- ovaries
- ovarian tubes (fallopian tubes)
- uterus
- vagina
92
look at slide 11
male vs female
93
What is the broad ligament?
Large fold of peritoneum that covers uterus, uterine tubes, and ovaries
94
what divides the pelvic cavity into two compartments?
broad ligament
95
what does the anterior compartment of the pelvis hold?
bladder
96
What does the posterior compartment of the pelvis hold?
rectum
97
where do the round ligaments travel?
extend from the uterine horns to the anterior pelvic wall. They pass through the inguinal canal and attach to subcutaneous tissue of labia majora
98
what does the uterosacral ligaments connect?
uterus to sacrum
99
where does the lateral cervical (cardinal) ligaments travel?
extend from lateral walls of cervix to the pelvic floor and stabilize the cervix
100
what ligaments hold the uterus?
- round ligament (2)
- uterosacral ligament (2)
- lateral cervical (cardinal) ligament (2)
101
what are the ligaments that hold the ovaries?
- mesovarium
- ovarian ligament
- suspensory ligament
102
where does the mesovarium travel?
attaches ovary to posterior layer of broad ligament
103
where does the ovarian ligament travel?
a cord-like thickening in the broad ligament, attaches ovary to lateral wall of uterus
104
where does the suspensory ligament travel?
extension of broad ligament, carries ovarian vessels and attaches ovary to lateral pelvic wall
105
how many oocytes are in your ovaries at birth?
250 000
106
what is the ovarian fossa?
Shallow depression in lateral wall of pelvis on either side of uterus
107
what are the uterine (fallopian) tubes?
- slender tubes about 10cm long, located in upper border of broad ligament
- Extend from upper lateral angle of the uterus to the ovarian region
- Lumen is continuous with uterine cavity
108
what is the Infundibulum?
funnel-shaped distal portion of uterine tube which is edged with fingers like extensions called fimbriae
109
are the ovaries and uterine tubes connected?
no
110
Look at basic physiology review on powerpoint
slide 17
111
what are the layers of the uterus?
- Endometrium: inner layer
- Myometrium: middle muscular layer
- Perimetrium: serous peritoneum continuous with broad ligament (outer layer)
112
What are the parts of the uterus?
- fundus
- horn
- body
- cervix
- external os
113
What is the horn of the uterus?
Area where uterine tube and uterus connect
114
what is the external os?
opening of cervix into vagina
115
where does the vagina travel?
- 10-15cm long muscular tube that extends from the cervix to the vestibule on the exterior
- Located posterior to the urethra and anterior to the rectum
116
what is a fornix?
the recesses of the vagina around the cervix.
117
what is a vulva (pudendum)?
collective term referring to all portions of the external female genitalia
118
what is the mons pubis?
subcutaneous fat pad anterior to symphysis pubis. Area where pubic hair grows during puberty
119
what is the labia majora?
Two large folds of skin filled with subcutaneous fat located at the lateral margins of the vulva
120
what is the labia minora?
Two thin, delicate folds of skin located medial to the labia majora but lateral to the urethral and vaginal openings. United anteriorly to form the prepuce over the clitoris
121
what is the clitoris?
inferior to mons pubis and between the anterior ends of labia minora
122
what is the Vestibule?
narrow cleft between the two labia minora. Bordered by the clitoris at the anterior end
123
what is the Urethral Orifice?
Opens into the anterior portion of the vestibule
124
what is the vaginal orifice?
Opens within the vestibule, posterior to the urethra
125
what is the paraurethral and greater vestibular glands?
secrete mucous for lubrication, located on either side of urethral and vaginal orifices
126
What is the largest peritoneal ligament that supports the uterus?
broad ligament
127
When the uterus is in the normal position, in what direction is the fundus pointed?
anteriorly
128
What portion of the uterus projects downward into the vagina?
cervix
129
Which of the two fornices of the vagina is closely related to the rectouterine pouch?
posterior
130
What is another term for the vulva?
pudendum
131
What peritoneal ligaments extend laterally from the uterine body to attach it to the pelvic floor?
cardinal
132
what are the organs in the male reproductive system?
```
Testes
Scrotum
Ductus Deferens
Ejaculatory Duct
Seminal Vesicles
Prostate
Bulbourethral Glands
Penis
```
133
what is the scrotum?
Paired, primary male reproductive organs suspended in a sac of skin
134
what is Each teste is covered by a tough, fibrous connective tissue called?
tunica albuginea
135
how many lobules does the tunica albuginea divide the teste into?
300
136
what is seminiferous tubules?
Each lobule contains 1-3 tightly coiled seminiferous tubules which is where spermatogenesis takes place
137
what is each teste covered by superficially?
tunica albuginea by the tunica vaginalis – derived from peritoneum
138
in testes the parietal layer lines the _____, visceral layer covers the _______
parietal layer lines the scrotum, visceral layer covers the teste
139
what is the path of spermatids in the testes?
The spermatids produced in the seminiferous tubules pass through the rete testis to the efferent ducts and into the epididymis for maturation and storage
140
what is the epididymis?
flattened, tightly coiled tubular structure on posterior surface of each teste
141
what are the vas deferens?
transports the sperm to the ejaculatory duct
142
what is the scrotum divided by?
median raphe (septum).
143
each teste is suspended by a _______
spermatic cord
144
where does the spermatic cord extend?
Originates at the inferior border of the teste at the tail of the epididymis and extends superiorly to the inguinal canal
145
what is located in the spermatic cord?
```
Testicular artery
Spermatic veins/venous plexus
Cremasteric muscles
Vas deferens/Ductus deferens
Nerves and lymph vessels
Connective tissue
```
146
what is the vas deferens?
Thick-walled muscular tube that is continuous with the epididymis.
147
where does the vas deferens coarse?
within the spermatic cord, through the inguinal canal, crosses over external iliac vessels, goes up and around the posterior part of the bladder to join with the duct in the seminal vesicles to form the ejaculatory duct
148
where is the seminal vesicles located?
between the bladder and rectum
149
what is the function of the seminal vesicles?
It’s secretion has a high fructose content to provide an energy source for the sperm
150
what part of the urethra does the prostate gland surround?
prostatic
151
what is another name for bulbourethral gland?
cowper's gland
152
what is cowper's gland?
In response to sexual stimulation, they secrete a small amount of an alkaline, mucoid substance that neutralizes the acidity of the spongy urethra and lubricates the tip of the penis
on Posterolateral to the each side of the membranous urethra
153
what are the 3 cylindrical masses of eretile tissue in the penis?
- corpora cavernosa (2-dorsal)
| - corpus spongiosum (1-midventral)
154
what does flacid mean?
pointing down
155
what extend to form the glands penis?
corpus spongiosum
156
what is the bulb of the penis?
Proximal end of corpus spongiosum
Anchored to urogenital diaphram
Enclosed by bulbospongiosum muscle of perineum
157
what is the crura of the penis?
Proximal ends of corpora cavernosa that attach to ishiopubic rami, covered by ishiocavernosus muscle
158
what is the glands penis?
distal end of body, has opening for urethra
159
what is prepuce of the penis?
aka: foreskin – the skin that covers the body of the penis continues over the glans penis as the prepuce.
160
What is the name of the connective tissue that surrounds the testes and extends inward to divide the testes in lobules?
tunica albagenia
161
What bundle of structures extend from the testes to the inguinal canal?
spermatic cord (vas deferens, blood vessels, nerves, muscles)
162
What is the largest accessory gland of the male reproductive system?
prostate
163
What erectile tissue forms the two dorsal cylinders in the body of the penis?
carpus cavornosa
164
What portion of the root of the penis is anchored to the urogenital diaphragm?
bulb
