Test #1 Flashcards
(106 cards)
1
Q
Define superior/cranial
A
Up or toward the head
2
Q
Define inferior or caudal
A
Down or toward the feet
3
Q
Define distal
A
Away from the center of body or point of origin
4
Q
Define proximal
A
Toward the nearest trunk or point of origin in the body
5
Q
Define lateral
A
Away from the midline of the body
6
Q
Define medial
A
Toward the midline of the body
7
Q
Define posterior or dorsal
A
Towards the back of the body
8
Q
Define anterior or ventral
A
Towards the front of the body
9
Q
Define superficial
A
Away from the center of the body and on the surface such as the skin
10
Q
Define deep
A
Towards the center of the body or deep from the surface
11
Q
The heart is _____________ to the lungs
A
Medial
12
Q
The wrist is _________ to the elbow
A
Distal
13
Q
The kidneys are ___________ to the spine
A
Lateral
14
Q
What is a Midsagittal plane?
A
Divides the body into right and left sides. A longitudal line that runs down the middle of the body
15
Q
What is a coronal plane?
A
Divides the body into anterior and posterior parts. A vertical line that runs down the side of the body
16
Q
What is a trans plane?
A
Divides the body horizontally into upper and lower parts
17
Q
What is an oblique plane?
A
Any section that is cut that is not a direct coronal, sagittal, or axial plane
18
Q
What is organ structure orientation?
A
The way the body components are typically situated inside the body, determined by the long axis of structure
19
Q
What is located in the dorsal cavity?
A
Cranial and spinal cavity
20
Q
What cavities are located in the ventral cavity?
A
Thoracic cavity, pleural cavities, mediastinal cavity, pericardial cavity, abdominopelvic cavity, abdominal cavity, pelvic cavity
21
Q
Ventral cavity is subdivided by the___________
A
Diaphragm
22
Q
What cavity is superior to the diaphragm and what cavity is inferior?
A
Thoractic is superior and abdominopelvic is inferior
23
Q
What is the superior boundary of the abdominal cavity?
A
Diaphragm
24
Q
What is the inferior boundary of the abdominal cavity?
A
Pelvic brim
25
What is the anterior boundary of the abdominal cavity?
Umbilicus, skin, and muscles
26
What is the posterior boundary of the abdominal cavity?
The muscles and vertebrae
27
What is the lateral boundary of the abdominal cavity?
Skin and muscles
28
What is the crus?
Part of the diaphragm that extends down to the upper lumbar vertebrae, bilaterally
29
What 3 structures pass through openings from the thoractic cavity into the abdominal cavity?
- aorta (T12)
- inferior vena cava (T8) most anterior
- esophagus (T10)
30
What is the pelvic brim (linea terminal is)?
division between the abdominal and pelvic cavities
| Look at PowerPoint
31
What is the function of abdominal walls?
Muscles around the organs to protect the abdomen
32
Where is the femoral artery located?
Halfway between the pubic symphysis and ASIS
33
What vertebrae are involved in the abdominal region?
Lumbar
34
What is the name of flat broad tendons?
Aponeurosis
35
What is the point of aponeurosis?
Joins muscles and the body parts the muscles act upon
36
What is the order or muscles from deepest to superficial?
Transverse abdominals muscle, internal oblique muscle, external oblique muscle
37
What is the direction of the external oblique muscle?
Extends downward and medially
38
What is the direction of the internal oblique muscle?
Extends upward and medially
39
True or false? The internal oblique muscle is parallel to the external oblique muscle?
False the internal oblique muscle is perpendicular to the external oblique muscle
40
Where is the rectus abdominus muscle located?
Anteriorly on each side of the central linea alba. It’s long and vertical
41
What is the linea alba?
A fibrous structure running down the midline.
42
What is the direction of the psoas muscle?
Passes anterior to the iliac crest of the pelvis
43
Where is the Quadratus Lumborum compares to the Psoas muscle?
Lateral and posterior to the psoas major muscles
44
What abdominal region is the spleen located in?
Left hypochondriac
45
What vertebral level does the transphyloric plane run through?
L-1
46
What structure passes through the diaphragm most posteriorly?
Aorta
47
What is the most inferior border of the abdominal cavity?
Linea terminalis (from the pubis synthesis to da real prominently)
48
Which posterior abdominal wall muscle is most lateral?
QL
49
What muscle forms the superior border of the abdominal cavity?
Diaphragm
50
What is the name of the vertical white line that extends from the xiphoid to the symphysis pubis?
Linea alba
51
The inferior border of which abdominal wall muscle forms the inguinal ligament?
External oblique
52
What is the most medial muscle of the posterior abdominal wall?
Posas
53
Which anterolateral abdominal muscle runs from the inferolateral aspect of the abdomen to the superomedial aspect?
Internal oblique
54
Which abdominal muscle originates on the transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae and inserts on the lesser trochanter of the femur?
Psoas
55
What region of the abdomen is the spleen located in?
Left hypochondriac
56
What region of the abdomen is the femoral artery located in?
Iliac
57
What are the two connective tissue membranes?
Meninges and synovial membranes
58
What does the meninges connective tissue membrane cover?
The Brian and spinal cord
59
What does the synovial connective tissue membrane line?
Joint cavities
60
What are the 3 layers of epithelial tissue membranes?
Cutaneous-skin
Mucous-1 layer
Serous-2 layers
61
What are the 3 layers of meninges from deepest to superficial?
Pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater
62
What is the order of layers of head from scalp to brain tissue?
Scalp, periosteum, bone, dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater, brain tissue
63
What is the mucous membrane?
Line all body cavities that are open to the exterior
| Ex) digestive, respiratory, urinary, reproductive
64
What is the serous membrane?
Lines cavities that are closed to the exterior
- pleural
- pericardial
- peritoneal
65
What is the peritoneum?
Secretes a serous fluid that lubricates the surfaces of membranes, reducing friction
66
What is the parietal peritoneum?
Lines the wall of the cavity
67
What is the visceral peritoneum?
Covers the organs
68
What is the cutaneous membrane?
The skin
69
What is located in the axial skeleton?
Head, neck, and torso
| Skull, spine, ribs, sternum
70
What is located in the appendicular skeleton?
Shoulder and hips and arms and legs
71
What is bone marrow?
Bone marrow produces red blood cells which carry oxygen to all body tissues. White blood cells help fight infection
72
How many bones are there in the human body?
206
73
How many muscles are there in the human body and what are the 3 types of muscles?
Skeletal, smooth, cardiac
74
True or false. The digestive system has both serous membrane and mucous membrane?
True. The inner layer is a mucous layer and the outer is a serous membrane
75
Describe the digestive system.
- absorbs all nutrients
- excretes
- mouth, rectum, liver, pancreas
76
Describe the cardiovascular system.
- heart, arteries, vessels
- delivers oxygen to tissues as well as nutrients
- carries red blood cells
77
Describe the respiratory system
- nose, trachea, lungs, aveoli
| - exchanges gases (CO2/O2)
78
Describe the skeletal system
Provides structure and protects organs and help produce blood cells and store minerals
79
Describe the muscular system
- Provides movement
| - lumps on bones are points of attachment for muscles
80
Describe the nervous system
- brain spinal, nerves
- send signals to communicate
1. Sensory input
2. Integrates info
3. Output
- 2 parts-central and peripheral
81
Describe the urinary system
- kidneys, ureter, bladder, urethra
| - secretes wastes, filters, maintains PH
82
Describe the reproductive system
- ovaries, testes, uterus, Fallopian tubes, vas defrens, penis, vagina, scrotum
- female releases egg and nourishes fertilized egg
- male produces sperm
83
Describe the lymphatic system
- lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, spleen, tonsils, fluid, appendix
- immune protection
- transports lymph with WBC through vessels
84
Describe the endocrine system
- pancreas, ovaries, tested, adrenal glands
- hormonal system
- chemical messengers to control body functions
85
Describe the integumentary system
- skin, hair, nails
- first line of protection
- absorption through the skin
86
Which gland has a duct? Exocrine or endocrine?
Exocrine
87
What vertebrae does the transpyloric line cross?
Mid L-1
88
What vertebrae does the subcostal line cross?
Mid L-3
89
What vertebrae does the transumbical line cross?
Between L-3 and L-4
90
What vertebrae does the interiliac line cross?
Lower L-4
91
What vertebrae does the transtubercular line cross?
Mid L5
92
What vertical line lies to the right and left of the body?
Midclavicular line
93
What body parts does the external oblique muscle insert?
Inserts on the anterior side of the rectus abdominous aponeurosis, iliac crest and pubic tubercle
94
What body part does the internal oblique muscle originate?
Originated from the iliac crest to the inferior borders of the ribs and the aponeurosis on the lateral portion of the rectus abdominus
95
Where does the transverse abdominus muscle insert?
Inserts on the aponeurosis of the posterior rectus sheath
96
Where is the erector spinae located?
Posterior to the Quadratus Lumborum muscle
97
What does the inguinal ligament artery protect?
Femoral artery
98
Inferior margin of external oblique muscle outermost forms inguinal ligament!!!!!!!!!
Know this
99
Describe the path of the Psoas
Originates on vertebral bodies, intervertebral discs and transverse processes of T-12 and L-5
100
Describe what happens to your smooth muscle when your body temp is high and low
Low-smooth muscle contricts to conserve heat
High-smooth muscle relaxes increasing blood flow and heat release through your skin
101
The heel
Calcneal
102
The calf
Sural
103
The head
Cephalic
104
The back of the head
Occipital
105
The elbow
Olecranal
106
The shin
Crural
