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General Biology 2 > evolution > Flashcards

evolution Flashcards

(63 cards)

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1
Q

hypothesis

A

an idea about how observed phenomenon works

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2
Q

theory

A

an explanation of large bodies of collected data and facts

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3
Q

natural selection

A

the process by which a selective force causes some individuals in a population to survive and reproduce to a greater degree than others, which can lead to evolutionary change

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4
Q

fitness

A

the level of ability to survive and reproduce

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5
Q

evolution

A

a change in genotype frequencies in a population over time

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6
Q

selective force

A

predator, parasite, abiotic feature

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7
Q

necessary aspects of natural selection to cause the evolution of traits over time

A

genetic variation
selective force
this causes differential survival that leads to differential reproduction, that some individuals are more successful at reproduction for a reason
leads to genotype frequency alterations in a population

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8
Q

genetic variation

A

mutation, sexual reproduction

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9
Q

selective force

A

alteration in background, parasite presence

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10
Q

natural selection generally happens to individuals and evolution happens to populations

A
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11
Q

natural selection leads to adaptive evolution

A
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12
Q

adaptation

A

any trait that makes the organism more likely to survive and reproduce

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13
Q

individuals within populations that have adapted to their environment generally have a higher…

A

fitness

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14
Q

what is fitness measured in

A

terms of survival or reproductive success

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15
Q

fecundity

A

reproductive success is usually measured by counting the number of surviving offspring

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16
Q

divergent evolution

A

when two species or more evolved from a common ancestor

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17
Q

convergent evolution

A

similar conditions can cause the evolution of similar traits even in unrelated organism

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18
Q

misconceptions of evolution

A

evolution is just a theory
individuals evolve
evolution explains the origins of life
organisms evolve on purpose

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19
Q

evidence for evolution

A

fossils
anatomy and embryology
biogeography
molecular biology

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20
Q

vestigial structures

A

structures that have no apparent function and are likely due to evolution from an ancestor that had a function for that structure

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21
Q

anatomy and embryology

A

shared and conserved embryological development

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22
Q

levels of evolution

A

microevolution and macroevolution

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23
Q

microevolution

A

changes within a species
pocket mouse coat evolution

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24
Q

macroevolution

A

formation of a new species from pre-existing species
modern-day species- reproductively isolated from ancestral wolf species

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25
biological species concept
group of populations whose members have potential to interbreed in nature and produce fertile offspring
26
morphological species concept
defines species by physical traits; doesnt require mating
27
ecological species concept
defines species by their role within the environment
28
phylogenetic species concept
any group of organisms that have shared common ancestry, also may use morphology(physical traits)
29
medical/micro species concept
species, groups of similar organisms within a genus, are designated by biochemical and other phenotypic criteria and by DNA relatedness, which groups strains on the basis of their overall genetic similarity
30
speciation
how one species become two - when one group of organisms become isolated and evolves enough to become their own species
31
speciation
allopatric speciation- different environment - geographic isolation --> reproductive isolation sympatric speciation - the same environment - reproductive isolation--> prezygotic barriers and postzygotic barriers
32
geographic isolation
allopatric speciation when two populations are physically separated speciation ha[[ens gradually
33
sympatric speciation
when populations live in the same habitat but gene flow has been eliminated through reproductive isolation
34
reproductive isolation
when two populations are no longer able to reproduce with each other causes rapid speciation can be broken up into prezygotic barrier and postzygotic barriers
35
prezygotic barriers
mating behavioral differences breeding at different times live indifferent habits mechanical isolation gametic isolation
36
postzygotic barriers
hybrids- offspring between populations cannot survive or are not able to reproduce
37
hybrid zones
regions in which two species have the opportunity meet, mate, and produce some offspring reinforcement fusion stability
38
reinforcement
when hybrids are less fit than parental species -maintains species
39
fusion
when hybrids are more fit than parental species causing two species to fuse into one
40
stability
when hybrids continue to be produced and are maintained
41
equilibrium
population does not change with regard to the trait in question such as coat color and beak size
42
allele vs locus
an allele is the type of gene and locus is the location on the chromosome
43
who discovered dominance
Gregor Mendel and monk
44
what did the four men do
their work laid down the foundations of evolutionary biology which led huxley to his book on evolution
45
evolution
occurs when genotype frequencies change over time in a population
46
what does population genetics investigate
how the genotype frequencies in an offspring population are related to the genotype frequencies in a parental population
47
null model
tells us what happens when evolutionary change is not occurring
48
if in HW equilibria then...
frequencies a1 and a2 do not change over time given allele frequencies and random mating, we can predict the equilibrium genotype frequencies in a population in which evolutionary processes are not acting(h-w equilibrium frequencies) if no evolutionary processes are operating, a locus that is initially not at hw equilibrium will reach hw equilibrium in a single generation
49
assumption of hw equilibria
natural selection is not operating on the traits affected by the locus in question individuals have no preferences for each other(random mating) with respect to the locus in question no mutation is occurring no migration in/out of populations population size is infinite, so that fluctuations in allele frequencies are negligible(genetic drift is not occurring)
50
what are the four mechanisms by which populations can evolve
genetic drift migration mutation natural(sexual) selection (splits into different sections)
51
what are the sub-types of natural selection
frequency-dependent directional stabilizing diversifying
52
genetic drift
the tendency for sampling error among genes in small populations fixation--> entire population has one allele
53
what causes bottleneck population
earthquakes, tsunamis/ chance events
54
migration
tends to homogenize populations but asymmetry can occur
55
natural selection and sexual selection
natural selection is when a selective force causes the alteration in genotype frequencies within a population sexual selection is a form of natural selection, where the selective force is either choice in mates or competition for mates
56
what are the two sections of sexual selection
intrasexual and intersexual
57
intrasexual
competition between members of the same sex
58
intersexual
choice in one sex for mates in the opposite sex
59
stabilizing selection
genetic diversity decreases as the population stabilizes on a particular trait/ favors an average phenotype and selects against extreme variations
60
directional selection
a single phenotype is favored causing the allele frequency to continuously shift in one direction
61
diversifying selection
62
frequency-dependent selection
63
red queen hypothesis
parasites limit the proliferation of asexual lineages especially if parasites can evolve to be efficient at infecting common genotypes asexually reproducing lineages have limited capability in generating genetic diversity

General Biology 2 (18 decks)

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