Plant diversity

Question 1

challenges of plant life on earth**

Answer 1

a scarcity of water and lack of structural support against gravity

Question 2

describe the adaptations that allowed plants to colonize earth**

Answer 2

protection from desiccation(drying out)
alternation of generations
vascular tissue

Question 3

what are the traits shared by green algae and land plants**

Question 4

what are the main characteristics of land plants**

Question 5

describe major steps in the life cycle of plants**

Question 6

explain the phylogenetic relationships of land plants**

Question 7

list the major groups and classes of land plants**

Question 8

describe the main features of bryophytes**

Question 9

What is the ecological and economical importance of moss**

Question 10

describe the traits of seedless non-vascular and vascular plants**

Question 11

describe innovations that allowed seed plants to reproduce in the absence of water**

Question 12

list the four groups of modern-day gymnosperms and provide examples of each**

Question 13

explain why angiosperms are the dominant form of plant life in most terrestrial ecosystems**

Question 14

describe the life cycle of typical angiosperm **

Question 15

Sporopollenin

Answer 15

a polymer that prevents zygotes from drying out
also found in plant spore walls

Question 16

What are green plants referred to as

Answer 16

streptophytes

Question 17

what are land plants called

Answer 17

embryophytes

Question 18

what are the two groups that land plants are classified into

Answer 18

non-vascular and vascular

Question 19

What are the two major groups of green algae

Answer 19

chlorophytes and charophytes
charophytes are the closest relatives of plants
reproduce sexually and asexually

Question 20

evidence of algal ancestry

Answer 20

plants and some algae are multicellular, eukaryotic, photosynthetic autotrophs

some algae, like plants, have cellulose in their cell walls and chloroplasts containing chlorophyll a and b

cellulose-synthesizing membrane proteins are arranged in rings, rather than linear sets
structure of flagellated sperm

sequence similarities in nuclear, chloroplast, and mitochondrial DNA

Question 21

alternation of generations(haplodiplontic cycle)

Answer 21

type of plant life cycle consisting of multicellular forms that give rise to each other in turn

has two stages: multicellular diploid stage and haploid stage

Question 22

multicellular diploid stage

Answer 22

the whole plant is called the sporophyte
all the cells in the sporophyte plant are diploid at first
only the sporocytes go through meiosis to produce haploid cells called spores

Question 23

where are sporocytes located

Answer 23

sporangium

Question 24

In multicellular diploid stage what happens when meiosis is complete

Answer 24

spores are still in the sporangium, then it cracks open and releases the spores

Question 25

Multicellular haploid stage

Answer 25

is called the gametophyte haploid spore is released from the sporangium, it lands on moist soil and germinated until the whole gametophyte is grown a few cells in an organ called gametangium to go through mitosis to form gametes sperm will swim to the egg and the gametes fuse to form a diploid zygote zygotes grow by mitosis into the next sporophyte plant

Question 26

alternation of generation happen between what and explain the process

Answer 26

between the 1n gametophyte and 2n sporophyte. mitosis occurs in both gametophyte and sporophyte generations. diploid sporophytes produce haploid spores by meiosis, while haploid gametophytes produce gametes by mitosis

Question 27

multicellular, dependent embryos

Answer 27

the diploid embryo is retained and protected within the tissue of the female gametophyte nutrients are transferred from parent to embryo through placental transfer cells plants are called embryophytes because of this dependency of the embryo on the parent

Question 28

what are seedless non-vascular plants known as

Answer 28

bryophytes or non-tracheophytes they are the closest living descendants of the first land plants and require water for sexual reproduction

Question 29

bryophytes

Answer 29

simple, but highly adapted to diverse terrestrial environments gameophyte- the most noticeable part, and the photosynthetic part sporophytes are small and dependent

Question 30

what are the tree phyla of bryophytes

Answer 30

liverworts, hornworts, and mosses

Question 31

what is the life cycle of liverworts

Answer 31

the antheridia and archegonia are produced on separate gametophytes...

Question 32

what are characteristics of hornworts

Answer 32

they grow a tall and slender sporophyte

Question 33

What do mosses produce

Answer 33

spore-producing sacs called sporangia that grow at the ends of long thin stalks

Question 34

What are seedless vascular plants called

Answer 34

tracheophytes

Question 35

describe tracheophytes

Answer 35

most are homosporous meaning they produce one type of spore

Question 36

what is the first vascular land plant

Answer 36

cooksonia

Question 37

vascular plants

Answer 37

dominant group of land plants diploid sporophyte is the dominant phase of the life cycle in tracheophytes

Question 38

what do vascular plants include

Answer 38

lycophytes(club mosses) pterophytes(ferns, whisk ferns, and horsetails) seed plants (didnt evolve until mesozoic era)

Question 39

what the vascular tissues

Answer 39

xylem and phloem

Question 40

xylem

Answer 40

consists of dead cells called tracheids that form a tube conducts water and dissolved minerals upward from the roots

Question 41

phloem

Answer 41

consists of living cells conducts sucrose and hormones throughout the plant

Question 42

in club mosses what are sporangia arranged in

Answer 42

clusters called strobili

Question 43

what do pterophytes include

Answer 43

whisk ferns- visible green stems with knob-shaped sporangia horsetails, named for the brushy appearance of the sporophyte ferns

Question 44

on ferns what are sori

Answer 44

appear as small bumps on the underside of a fern frond

Question 45

what is the reproductive cycle of a fern

Answer 45

produce distinctive sporangia in clusters called sori on the back of the fronds. diploid spore mother cells, sporocytes(2n), in sporangia produce haploid spores(n) by meiosis every spore germinates into bisexual gametophyte archegonium and antheridium on the same plant flagellated sperm

Question 46

what do seed plants include

Answer 46

includes embryo, food for the embryo, and a seed coat allows the clock to be stopped to survive harsh periods before germinating naked seeds first then later development of fruits enhanced dispersal

Question 47

all seed plants are _____

Answer 47

heterosporous

Question 48

heterosporous

Answer 48

they have different sporangia that produce different spore types

Question 49

male gametophytes have what

Answer 49

pollen grains dispersed by wind r pollinator no need for water

Question 50

female gametophytes have what

Answer 50

develop within an ovule enclosed within diploid sporophyte tissue in angiosperms

Question 51

What are the 5 phyla of extant seed plants

Answer 51

coniferophyta cycadophyta genetophyta ginkophyta anthophyta

Question 52

phylum coniferophyta

Answer 52

most diverse pines spruces firs cedars and other found in colder and sometimes drier regions of the world leaves have thick cuticle and recessed stomata to retard water loss leaves have canals with resin to frighten insect and fungal attacks

Question 53

what is the life cycle of conifers

Answer 53

pollen from male cones blows up into upper branches where it fertilizes female cones the megaspore develops into the female gametophyte as the pollen tube slowly grows toward it, eventually fusing with the egg and delivering a male nucleus, which combines with the female nucleus of the mature egg

Question 54

phylum Cycadophyta

Answer 54

slow-growing gymnosperms of tropical and subtropical regions sporophytes resemble palm trees have the largest sperm cells of all plants

Question 55

phylum gnetophyta

Answer 55

only gymnosperms with vessels in their xylem contain three genera welwitschia ephedra gnetum

Question 56

phylum ginkgoophyta

Answer 56

only one species remains flagellated sperm

Question 57

angiosperms

Answer 57

flowering plants: seeds that develop inside chambers that originate within flowers

Question 58

what is the angiosperm life cycle

Answer 58

anthers and carpels are structures that shelter the actual gametophytes: the pollen grain and embryo sac. double fertilization is a process unique to angiosperms