muscloskeletal system

Question 1

types of skeletal system

Answer 1

hydrostatic, exoskeletal, endoskeleton

Question 2

coelom

Answer 2

fluid-filled compartment within the body
under hydrostatic pressure because of the fluid and supports other organs

Question 3

what animals is coelom found in

Answer 3

soft-bodied animals like anemones, earthworms, cnidaria and other invertebrates

Question 4

what do hydrostatic skeletal systems have

Answer 4

coelom

Question 5

exoskeleton

Answer 5

external skeleton that supports the body, provides defense against predators, and allows for movement through the contraction of attached muscles

Question 6

what percentage of chitin do exoskeletons have

Answer 6

30-50%

Question 7

endoskeleton

Answer 7

internal skeleton; consists of hard, mineralized structures

Question 8

what are the functions of the endoskeleton

Answer 8

provides support
stores minerals and fats
produces blood cells
protects internal organs
allows for movement through contraction of muscles attached to the skeleton

Question 9

how many bones does the human skeletal system have and what is it separated into

Answer 9

206; axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton

Question 10

human axial skeleton

Answer 10

bones of the skull, ossicles of the middle ear, hyoid bone, vertebral column and rib cage

Question 11

what are the bones of the skull

Answer 11

mandible, maxilla, lacrimal, nasal, ethmoid, sphenoid, frontal, parietal, occipital, zygomatic

Question 12

what are the cranial bones

Answer 12

frontal, parietal and sphenoid

Question 13

what are the facial bones

Answer 13

orbit, temporal, lacrimal, palatine, zygomatic, nasal, vomer, maxilla, and mandible

Question 14

what does the vertebral column consist of

Answer 14

seven cervical vertebrates
twelve thoracic vertebrate
five lumbar vertebrae
sacrum
coccyx
intervertebral discs
-fibrocartilage cushions impacts
- bind vertebrate together
spinal curves increase strength and flexibility of the spine

Question 15

thoracic cage

Answer 15

rib cage protects the heart and the lungs
ribs- 12 pairs
sternum-3 fused bones
thoracic vertebrae-12
costal cartilages-10 pairs

Question 16

appendicular skeleton

Answer 16

composed of a pectoral girdle, pectoral limbs, pelvic girdle, and pelvic limbs

Question 17

pectoral girdle

Answer 17

shoulders
to adapt to reproductive fitness, female compared to male pelvis is lighter, wider, shallower
has a broader angle between the pubic bones

Question 18

pectoral limbs

Answer 18

arm, forearm, and hand

Question 19

pelvic girdle

Answer 19

hips

Question 20

pelvic limbs

Answer 20

thigh, leg, foot

Question 21

shoulders

Answer 21

pelvic girdle consists of clavicles and scapulae
which forms and stabilizes shoulder joint and allows for movement of arms

Question 22

upper limbs

Answer 22

conssits of humerus, radius, ulna, carpals(8 bones), metacarpals(5 bones), phalanges(14 bones)

Question 23

pelvic girdle composition

Answer 23

coxal bones, pubic symphysis and sacrum

Question 24

coxal bones

Answer 24

illium, ischium, and pubis

Question 25

lower limbs consist of

Answer 25

femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals(7bones), metatarsals(5bones), and phalanges(14 bones)

Question 26

what are the types of bones

Answer 26

long bone short bone - cube-like, ankles and wrists, sesamoid (bones embedded in tendon flat bone - spongy bone embedded within parallel layers of thin compact bone irregular bone- vertebrae and hip bones, complicated shapes

Question 27

long bone

Answer 27

longer than wide and bones of limbs has diaphysis and epiphyses

Question 28

diaphysis

Answer 28

in long bone shaft compact bone contains bone marrow in the marrow cavity

Question 29

epiphyses

Answer 29

in the long bone articulating ends spongy bone covered by articular cartilage

Question 30

compact bone

Answer 30

elongated cylinders parallel to bone long axis lamella and central (haversian canal) perpendicular canals(perforating or volkmanns) lacunae canaliculi

Question 31

lamella

Answer 31

concentric rings adjacent lamella have collagen in opposite direction

Question 32

central(haversian) canal

Answer 32

core of osteon blood vessels and nerve

Question 33

perpendicular canals perforating or volkmanns

Answer 33

connect periosteum to central and medullary cavities blood supply and nerve

Question 34

lacunae

Answer 34

cavities containing osteocytes

Question 35

canaliculi

Answer 35

connect lacunae to each other and central canal

Question 36

spongy bone

Answer 36

trabeculae

Question 37

trabeculae

Answer 37

needle-like(flat0 pieces less organized than structures of compact bone - no osteon - organization is based on lines of stress - lamella and osteocytes are irregularly organized

Question 38

osteogenic cells

Answer 38

also called osteoprogenitor cells motically active stem cells in periosteum and endosteum when stimulated differentiate into osteoblasts or bone lining cells

Question 39

osteoblasts

Answer 39

bone forming cells secret unmineralized bone matrix or osteoid actively mitotic

Question 40

osteocytes

Answer 40

mature bone cells in lacunae monitor and maintain bone matrix act as stress or strain sensors - respond to and communicated mechanical stimuli so bone remodeling can occur - stimulate osteoblast to rebuild bone and osteoclasts to destroy bone

Question 41

osteoclasts

Answer 41

giant, multinucleate cells for bone resorption ruffled border increases surface area for enzyme degradation of bone

Question 42

two types of ossification

Answer 42

intramembranous ossification - bone develops in between fibrous membranes and produces flat bones of the skill, some facial bones, mandible, most of clavicle endochondral ossification - bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage endochondral- within cartilage forms the rest of the skeleton

Question 43

intramembranous ossification

Answer 43

ossification centers appear in the fibrous connective tissue membrane - central mesenchymal cells cluster - differentiate into osteoblasts - form an ossification center that secretes osteoid osteoid undergoes calcification - osteoid calcifies in a few days - trapped osteoblasts become osteocytes woven bone and periosteum form - osteoid forms between embryonic blood vessels to create a network of trabeculae called woven bone - vascularized mesenchyme condenses on the external face of the woven bone and becomes the periosteum lamellar bone replaces woven bones, just deep to the periosteum. red marrow appears - trabeculae just deep to the periosteum thicken. mature lamellar bone replaces them, forming compact bone plates - spongy bone consisting of distinct trabeculae, persists internally and its vascular tissue becomes red marrow

Question 44

endochondral ossification

Answer 44

forms most all bones inferior to base of skull except clavicles uses hyaline cartilage models requires breakdown of hyaline cartilage prior to ossifcation

Question 45

fracture repair

Answer 45

healing takes a few months or more and occurs in a series of steps a fracture hematoma forms a fibrocartilaginous (soft) callus forms a bony(hard) callus forms the bone is remodeled

Question 46

what are the three types of joints

Answer 46

fibrous, cartilaginous joints , synovial joints

Question 47

fibrous joints

Answer 47

bones joined by dense fibrous connective tissue no joint cavity most synarthrotic(immovable) depends on length of connective tissue fibers

Question 48

type of connective tissues

Answer 48

gomphosis sutures syndesmoses

Question 49

cartilaginous joints and what are the types

Answer 49

bones that are connected by cartilage synchondrosis , symphyses

Question 50

cartilaginous joints; synchondrosis

Answer 50

bones are joined by hyaline cartilage found in the epiphyseal plates of growing bones in children

Question 51

cartilaginous joints; symphyses

Answer 51

connection between bones occurs through fibrocartilage found at the joints between vertebrae very little movement

Question 52

synovial joints

Answer 52

only joints that have a space or synovial cavity in the joint cavity is filled with synovial fluid which lubricated the joints

Question 53

what are the types of synovial joints

Answer 53

planar - carpal bones in the wrist hinge- elbow joint where the radius articulates with the humerous pivot- joint in the neck condyloid- metacarpophalangeal joints in the finger saddle- carpometacarpal joints in the thumb ball- and- socket - the shoulder joint

Question 54

what is the purpose of the muscoskeletal system

Answer 54

cause or control movement; support-- maintain an upright posture allow movement - body transport, manipulate objects protect

Question 55

types of muscular tissue

Answer 55

skeletal muscle cardiac smooth

Question 56

skeletal muscle tissue

Answer 56

found in skeletal muscle voluntary

Question 57

cardiac muscle tissue

Answer 57

found in walls of heart involuntary

Question 58

smooth muscle tissue

Answer 58

mainly in walls of hallow organs other than heart involuntary

Question 59

smooth muscle tissue

Answer 59

mainly in walls of hallow organs other than heart involuntary

Question 60

skeletal muscle fiber

Answer 60

plasma membrane called the sarcolemma cytoplasm called the sarcoplasm composed of many fibrils, packaged into orderly units

Question 61

sacromere

Answer 61

a sarcomere is a regsarcomeresion from one Z line to the next Z line many sacromeres are present in a myofibril, resulting in the striation pattern characteristic of skeletal muscle

Question 62

sliding filament model of contraction

Answer 62

when a sarcomere contracts, the Z lines move closer together and the I bands gets smaller the A band stays the same width and, at full contraction, the thin filaments overlap