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digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

what do plants convert into starch

A

light

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2
Q

what do animals consume to make ATP

A

starch and sugar

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3
Q

what do you need to make ATP

A

sugars from digestion or synthesis(from fats and proteins)
oxygen from ventilation

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4
Q

function of carbohydrates monomers? Function?

A

sugar; store energy, structural material

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5
Q

function of lipids monomers? functions?

A

fatty acid; store energy, form membrane, steroids

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6
Q

function of proteins and monomers

A

amino acids; enzymes, structural material, peptides

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7
Q

function of nucleic acids and monomers

A

nucleotides; store genetic information

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8
Q

carbohydrates

A

sugars, starches, polymers, CHO
monosaccharides
Disaccharides
polysaccharides
major source of cellular fule(glucose)
structural molecules

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9
Q

lipids

A

insoluble in water
triglycerides or neutral fats
phospholipids
steroids
eicosanoids

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10
Q

what are triglycerides(neutral fats) called when they are solid and liquid

A

fats when solids and oil when liquid
composed of three fatty acids bonded to a glycerol molecule

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11
Q

what are the functions of triglycerides

A

energy storage
insulation
protection

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12
Q

what kind of bond do saturated fatty acids have

A

single covalent bonds between C atoms
maximum number of H atoms

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13
Q

what kind of bond do unsaturated fatty acids have

A

one or more double bonds between C atoms
reduced number of H atoms

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14
Q

proteins

A

essential for making nucleotides and nucleic acids
needed to build organelles, cells, tissues
proteins are polymers of amino acids

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15
Q

what makes up proteins

A

amino acids
contain amine group and acid group
all identical except for R group
can act as either acid or base
peptide bonds

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16
Q

what are the essential amino acids for adults

A

methionine, valine, threonine, phenylalanine, leucine, isoleucine, tryptophan, and lysine

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17
Q

What is true about inorganic essential nutrients

A

must be obtained from food
help in structure and regulation
act as co-factors
do not contain c

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18
Q

fat-soluble vitamins

A

vitamin A, D, E, K

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19
Q

water soluble vitamins

A

b vitamins and vitamin C

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20
Q

function and source of calcium

A

tooth and bone formation, nerve transmission, muscle contraction,
source: milk, dairy, bean curd, dark green vegetables

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21
Q

function and source of phosphorus

A

bone development, transfer of energy in cells
source: most foods

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22
Q

function and source of sodium

A

nerve transmission, muscle contraction
source: meat, dairy, salt

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23
Q

function and source of chlorine

A

formation of hydrochloric acid
source: salt

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24
Q

function and source of potassium

A

regulation of heartbeat, maintenance of water balance, nerve transmission
source: fruits(bananas)

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25
function and source of magnesium
a catalyst for ATP formation source: nuts, grains, dark green vegetables, dried fruits
26
function and source of iodine
thyroid activity source: seafood, iodized salt
27
function and source of iron
hemoglobin formation source: meat, dark green vegetables, dried fruits
28
digestion
breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into small water-soluble food molecules food --> digestive tract--> small molecules
29
absorption
active transfer of nutrient molecules from the digestive tract to the circulatory and lymphatic vessels
30
obligate carnivores
rely entirely on animal flesh to obtain their nutrients
31
facultative carnivores
also eat non-animal food in addition to animal food
32
digestive tract for invertebrates
gastrovascular cavity alimentary canal
33
digestive tract for vertebrates
monogastric avian ruminant
34
invertebrate digestive system(incomplete)
incomplete: single opening for digestion food enters through the mouth and muscular pharynx, wastes exit through same path, lacks specialized parts
35
which invertebrates have a gastrovascular cavity
Platyhelminthes-flatworms Ctenophora- comb jellies Cnidaria- coral, jellyfish, sea anemones
36
invertebrate digestive systems (complete)
complete: two openings= alimentary canal ex: earthworm food enters through the mouth stored in crop ground and digested by gizzard nutrients absorbed in the intestine wastes exit through the anus ex: nematode mouth-->pharynx-->intestine--> anus
37
monogastric vertebrate digestive system
one stomach
38
avian vertebrate digestive systems
two-chambered stomach crop-stores food two stomachs- proventriculus- enzymes, gizzard-grinding cloaca- shared exit for urine and feces
39
ruminants vertebrate digestive system
four stomachs cows sheep goats deer giraffes eat roughage four stomachs - rumen and reticulum- contain prokaryotes and protists to digest cellulose fiber cud is regurgitated chewed and swallowed in the third stomach, the omasum- removes water cud then passes onto the abomasum- digested by enzymes produced by animals - homologue of monogastric stomach
40
psuedo-ruminants digestive system
three-chambered stomach camels, llamas, alpacas eat plant and roughage - food first enters C1- rumen cud is regurgitated chewed and swallowed again into the C2- omasum cud then passes onto the C3- abomasum most digestion happens in the cecum and spiral colon
41
salivary glands
secret saliva, contains digestive enzyme for carbohydrates
42
liver
major metabolic organ: processes and stores nutrients: produces bile for emulsification of fats
43
gallbladder
stores bile from liver; sends it to the small intestine
44
pancreas
produces pancreatic juice: contains digestive enzymes, and sends it to the small intestine; produces insulin and secretes it into the blood after eating
45
accessory organs
salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
46
digestive tract organs
mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus
47
mouth
teeth chew food; tongue tastes and pushes food for chewing and swallowing
48
pharynx
passageway where food is swallowed
49
esophagus
passageway where peristalsis pushes food to the stomach
50
stomach
secretes acid and digestive enzyme for protein; churns, mixing food with secretions and sends chyme to the small intestine a major site of protein digestion kills microorganism activates enzymes pH- 1.5-2.5 HCl acid
51
small intestine
mixes chyme with digestive enzymes for the final breakdown; absorbs nutrient molecules into the body; secretes digestive hormones into blood
52
large intestine
absorbs water and salt to form feces
53
rectum
stores and regulates the elimination of feces
54
tongue
composed of striated muscle mixes chewed food with saliva and mixture form into bolus
55
soft palate
closes off nasopharynx
56
epiglottis
covers opening into trachea keeps food from air passages
57
what does food mixing with gastric juices become
chyme
58
pyloric sphincter
the junction between the stomach and small intestine when the sphincter relaxes, a small quantity of chyme passes into the mall intestine 2-6 hours after a meal
59
what are the 3 part of the small intestine
duodenum, jejunum, lleum 20ft long
60
duodenum
receives chyme from the stomach, secretions from liver and pancreas
61
jejunum
responsible for most chemical digestion and nutrient absorption second part of the small intestine
62
lleum
bile salts and vitamins absorbed
63
small intestine absorption
circular folds-->villi--> microvilli absorption- nutrients cross epithelial cell lining SI tube - sugars and amino acids- blood capillaries - lipids-lacteal(lymph vessel
64
hepatic portal vein
takes nutrients to liver
65
what does the large intestine include
cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal
66
what is the colon subdivided into
asending, transverse, descending, sigmoid colon
67
what is the colon subdivided into
ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid colon
68
bile salts
break up fat into fat droplets via emulsification
69
four steps of digestive system
ingestion digestion absorption elimination
70
carbohydrate digestion
starts in mouth enzymes are added by the pancreas to the chyme as it enters the duodenum of the small intestine absorption of nutrients across epithelium of duodenum and jejunum of small intestine via active transport
71
lipid digestion
begin in the stomach most occurs in the small intestine due to enzymes from the pancreas bile acids in bile aid in the digestion of lipids--> emulsification - large fat droplets--> small fat droplets--> triglycerides+enzymes=fatty acids + monoglycerides-->micelles
72
inside SI epithelial cells
fatty acids+monoglycerides--> triglycerides-->chlymocrons-->exocytosis--> lacteal
73
protein digestion
break down proteins into peptides the pancreas releases other enzymes into the duodenum -larger peptides--> smaller peptides-->free amino acids amino acids are absorbed into the bloodstream through the small intestines via active transport
74
vitamin absorption
lipid soluble water-soluble - direct absorption across SI epithelium via active transport
75
elimination
fluid moves into the cecum of large intestine peristatic waves move it through ascending, transverse and descending colon - water and mineral absorbed via diffusion, active transport and osmosis - sodium and chloride first - water follows by osmosis remainder compacted into feces - stored in rectum peristaltic waves push feces out of anus
76
digestive system regulation
nervous system - hunger and satiety endocrine system - functions of digestive system
77
phases of nervous system regulation of digestion
cephalic phase, gastric phase, intestinal phase
78
cephalic phase
smell, sight, sound of food --> salivation, stomach-churning and secretion
79
gastric phase
gastric distension, low pH, undigested food--> more HCl and enzymes
80
intestinal phase
chyme enters duodenum--> secretions from pancreas, liver, gallbladder
81
endocrine system regulation of digestion
hormones are secreted from digestive organs in response to the presence of food/nutrients regulate the degree and timing of digestive processes
82
alimentary canal
tubular digestive system with a mouth and anus
83
bile
digestive juice produced by the liver for the digestion of lipids
84
bolus
mass of food resulting from chewing action and wetting my saliva
85
chyme
mixture of partially digested food and stomach juices
86
endocrine system
system that controls the response of the various glands in the body and the release of hormones at the appropriate time
87
esophagus
tubular organ that connects the mouth to the stomach
88
intestinal phase
third digestive phase
89
monogastric
digestive system that consists of a single-chambered stomach
90
mineral
inorganic, elemental molecule that carries out important roles in the body
91
peristalsis
wave-like movements of muscle tissue
92
proventriculus
glandular part of a birds stomach
93
roughage
component of food that is low in energy and high in fiber
94
salivary amylase
enzyme found in saliva, which converts carbs into maltose
95
secretin
hormone which stimulates sodium bicarbonate secretion in the small intestine
96
somatostatin
hormone released to stop acid secretion when the stomach is empty
97
sphincter
band of muscle that controls movement of material throughout the digestive tract
98
villi
folds on the inner surface of the small intestine whose role is to increase absorption area

General Biology 2 (18 decks)

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