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General Biology 2 > Sensory systems > Flashcards

Sensory systems Flashcards

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1
Q

sensory transduction

A

covers a stimulus into an electrical signal in the nervous system

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2
Q

somatosensation

A

vestibular sensation
proprioception
kinesthesia

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3
Q

vestibular sensation

A

spatial orientation and balance

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4
Q

proprioception

A

positions of bones, joints, and muscles

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5
Q

kinesthesis

A

limb movement and tracking

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6
Q

simple receptors for general senses

A

modified dendritic ending of sensory neurons
tactile sensations
temperature
pain
muscle sense

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7
Q

receptors for special senses

A

vision
hearing
equilibrium
smell
taste

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8
Q

sensory transduction overview

A

stimulus
reception
ion channels affected- changes in electrical potential
positive change in membrane potential depolarizes the neuron. negative change hyperpolarizes the neuron
neuron will fire AP- if polarization change is sufficient(crossing a threshold)

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9
Q

reception

A

activation of sensory receptors

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10
Q

encoding and transmission of sensory info

A

type of stimulus
location in the receptive field
duration and relative intensity

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11
Q

intensity is encoded by

A

rate of action potentials(frequency)
number of receptors activated(population

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12
Q

perception

A

with the exception of olfaction, all sensory signals are routed from the thalamus to final processing regions in the cortex of the brain

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13
Q

somatosensation

A

includes all sensation received from the skin, mucous membranes, limbs and joints

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14
Q

receptor types

A

thermoreceptors
pain receptors
chemoreceptors
mechanoreceptors
tactile
proprioceptors
baroreceptors

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15
Q

tactile receptors/ receptor types in skin

A

merkel’s disks
meissners corpuscles
ruffini endings
pacinian corpuscles
krause end bulbs

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16
Q

merkel’s disks

A

unencapsulated, respond to light touch

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17
Q

meissner’s corpuscles

A

respond to touch and low-frequency vibration
example –> fingertips

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18
Q

ruffini endings

A

detect stretch, deformation within joints, and warmth

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19
Q

pacinian corpuscles

A

detect transient pressure and high-frequency vibration

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20
Q

krause end bulbs

A

detect cold

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21
Q

olfaction

A

in the human olfactory system, bipolar olfactory neurons extend from the olfactory epithelium, where olfactory receptors are located, to the olfactory bulb

odorants enter nose and bind to receptors

single transduction–> APs to olfactory bulb–> brain via olfactory nerve–> perception of smell

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22
Q

5 primary tastes

A

salty
sweet
sour
bitter
umami

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23
Q

taste

A

each taste has only one corresponding type of receptor
each is specific to its stimulus
transduction of the five tastes happens through different mechanisms that reflect the molecular composition of the tastant

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24
Q

hearing

A

cochlea

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25
balance
vestibule
26
sound
outer ear to the middle ear bounded on its exterior by the tympanic membrane
27
middle ear
contains three bones called ossicles that transfer the sound wave to the oval window
28
oval window
the exterior boundary of the inner ear
29
organ of corti
organ of sound transduction inside the cochlea
30
sound waves
wavelength corresponds to pitch amplitude of the wave corresponds to volume
31
sound wave transduction
a sound wave causes the tympanic membrane to vibrate the vibration is amplified as it moves across the malleus, incus and stapes the amplified vibration is picked up by the oval window causing pressure waves in the fluid of the scala vestibuli and scala tympani
32
hair cells
mechanoreceptor stereocilia on apical surface
33
stereocilia
tethered together by proteins open ion channels when the array is bent toward the tallest member of their array closed when the array is bent toward the shortest member of their array
34
5 vestibular receptor organs in the inner ear
utricle saccule three semicircular canals
35
vestibular information
hair cells in the utricle and saccule lie below a gelatinous layer, with their stereocilia projecting into the gelatin embedded in this gelatin are calcium carbonate crystals-- like tiny rocks
36
signal transduction similar to hearing
when hair cells are bent--> APs to brain direction of bending in semicircular canals gives direction of head
37
cornea
transparent layer of the eye
38
lens
transparent convex structure behind the cornea
39
iris
muscular ring around the pupil regulates the amount of light entering the eye
40
photoreceptors
located in the retina inner surface of the back of the eye
41
photoreceptors
rods and cones
42
rods
strongly photosensitive located in the outer edges of the retina detect dim light used primarily for peripheral and nighttime vision
43
cones
weakly photosensitive located near the center of the retina respond to bright light primary role is color vision
44
transduction of light
rhodopsin, the photoreceptor in vertebrates, has two parts - the trans-membrane protein opsin - retinal when light strikes retinal, it changes shapes from a cis to a trans form signal is passed to a G-protein called transducin transducin activates phosphodiesterase converts cGMP to GMP - closes sodium channels membrane becomes hyperpolarized hyperpolarized membrane does not release glutamate to the bipolar cell - release of tonic inhibition APs --> ganglion cells--> optic nerve --> brain
45
audition
sense of hearing
46
auricle
cartilaginous outer ear
47
basilar membrane
stiff structure in the cochlea that indirectly anchors auditory receptors
48
candela
unit of measurement brightness
49
cochlea
a whorled structure that contains receptors for the transduction of the mechanical wave into an electrical signal
50
fovea
region in the center of the retina with a high density of photoreceptors and which is responsible for acute vision
51
free nerve ending
ending of an afferent neuron that lacks a specialized structure for the detection of sensory stimuli; some respond to touch, pain, or temperature
52
glabrous
describes the non-hairy skin found on palms and fingers, soles of feet, and lips of humans and other primates
53
gustation
sense of taste
54
incus
also anvil/second of the three bones of the middle ear
55
inner ear
innermost part of the ear; consists of the cochlea and the vestibular system
56
iris
pigmented, circular muscle at the front of the eye that regulates the amount of light entering the eye
57
kinesthesia
sense of body movement
58
labyrinth
bony, hallow structure that is the most internal part of the ear; contains the sites of transduction of auditory and vestibular information
59
lens
transparent, convex structure behind the cornea that helps focus light waves on the retina
60
malleus
also hammer; first of the three bones of the middle ear
61
mechanoreceptor
sensory receptor modified to respond to mechanical disturbance such as being bent, touch, pressure, motion, and sound
62
meissner's corpuscle
tactile corpuscle; encapsulated, rapidly-adapting mechanoreceptor in the skin that responds to light touch
63
merkels disk
unencapsulated, slowly-adapting mechanoreceptor in the skin that responds to touch
64
middle ear
part of the hearing apparatus that functions to transfer energy from the tympanum to the oval window of the inner ear
65
nocieception
neural processing of noxious (such as damaging) stimuli
66
odorant
airborne molecule that stimulates an olfactory receptor
67
olfactory bulb
neural structure in the vertebrate brain that receives signals from olfactory receptors
68
olfactory receptor
dendrite of a specialized neuron
69
organ of corti
in the basilar membrane, the site of the transduction of sound, a mechanical wave, to a neural signal
70
ossicle
one of the three bones of the middle ear
71
outer ear
part of the ear that consists of the auricle, ear canal, and tympanum and which conducts sound waves into the middle ear
72
oval window
thin diaphragm between the middle and inner ear that receives sound waves from contact with the stapes bone of the middle ear
73
pacinian corpuscle
encapsulated mechanoreceptor in the skin that responds to deep pressure and vibration
74
papilla
one of the small bump-like projections from the tongue
75
perception
individual interpretation of a sensation; a brain function
76
proprioception
sense of limb position; used to track kinesthesia
77
pupil
small opening through which light enters
78
reception
receipt of a signal like light or sounds by sensory receptors
79
receptive field
region in space in which a stimulus can activate a given sensory receptor
80
receptor potential
membrane potential in a sensory receptor in response to detection of a stimulus
81
retina
later of photoreceptive and supporting cells on the inner surface of the back of the eye
82
rhodopsin
main photopigment in vertebrates
83
rod
strongly photosensitive, achromatic, cylindrical neuron in the outer edges of the retina that detects dim light and is used in peripheral and nightime vision
84
ruffini ending
also bulbous corpuscle; slowly-adapting mechanoreceptor in the skin that responds to skin stretch and joint position
85
semicircular canal
one of the three half-circular, fluid-filled tubes in the vestibular labyrinth that monitors the angular acceleration and deceleration
86
sensory receptor
specialized neuron or other cells associated with a neuron that is modified to receive specific sensory input
87
sensory transduction
conversation of a sensory stimulus into electrical energy in the nervous system by a change in the membrane potential
88
stapes
also, stirrup; third of the three bones of the middle ear
89
stereocilia
in the auditory system, hair-like projections from hair cells that help detect sound waves
90
tastant
food molecule that stimulates gustatory receptors
91
taste bud
clusters of taste cells
92
tectorial membrane
cochlear structure that lies above the hair cells and participates in the transduction of sound at the hair cells
93
tonic activity
in a neuron, slight continuous activity while at rest
94
tympanum
also tympanic membrane or ear drum; thin diaphragm between the outer and middle ears
95
ultrasound
sound frequencies above the human detectable ceiling of approximately 20,000 hz
96
umami
one of the five basic tastes, which is described as "savory" and which may be largely the taste of L-glutamate
97
vestibular sense
sense of spatial orientation and balance

General Biology 2 (18 decks)

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