protists

Question 1

list the unifying characteristics of eukaryotes**

Answer 1

nuclei, mitochondria, cytoskeletal elements, some lack flagella and or cilia, chromosomes organized by histones, mitosis, cell wall in some, and sexual reproduction in most

Question 2

define protists**

Answer 2

all eukaryotes that are not plants, animals, or fungi

Question 3

Explain the endosymbiotic theory**

Answer 3

eukaryotes may have been a product of one cell engulfing another, and coevolving over time until the separate cells were no longer recognizable as such

evidence: mitochondria: own genome, ribosomes and transfer RNA and two membrane
evidence: Plastids: have similarities to cyanobacteria
evidence:

Question 4

describe the cell structure characteristics of protists**

Answer 4

can evolve int he absence of true multicellularity, some unicellular protists have organelles not found in most other eukaryotic cells

Question 5

describe the metabolic diversity of protists**

Answer 5

most nutritionally diverse of all eukaryotes
exhibit many forms of nutrition and may be aerobic or anaerobic
photoautotrophs
heterotrophs
mixotrophs
phagocytosis

Question 6

describe the reproduction and life cycle diversity of protists**

Answer 6

asexually or sexually
all three basic types of sexual life cycles animal, plant and fugal are represented among protists

Question 7

identify the evolutionary relationships of plants, animals, and fungi within the six presently recognized supergroups of eukaryotes**

Question 8

describe representative protist organisms from each of the supergroups**

Question 9

identify defining features of protists in each of the supergroups**

Question 10

describe the role that protists play in the ecosystem**

Answer 10

are found in diverse aquatic and moist terrestrial environments
symbiont and producer

Question 11

where do protists live

Answer 11

soil, freshwater, brackish, and marine environments, digestive tracts of animal and the vascular tissues of plants

Question 12

photoautotrophs

Answer 12

containing chloroplasts

Question 13

heterotrophs

Answer 13

absorb organic molecules or ingest larger food particles

Question 14

mixotrophs

Answer 14

combine photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition

Question 15

phagocytosis

Answer 15

amoebas and some other heterotrophic protist species ingest particles

Question 16

what are the supergroups of eukaryotes

Answer 16

excavata
sar
archaeplastida
unikonta

Question 17

excavata

Answer 17

includes three clades parabasalids, diplomonads, and euglenozoans
modified mitochondria
spiral or crystalline rod inside flagella

Question 18

SAR

Answer 18

includes stramenopila, alvelata, and rhizaria
- diatoms are important photosynthetic stramenopiles
- many rhizarians are amoebas with threadlike pseudopodia such as globigerina

hairy and smooth flagell a
membrane-enclosed sacs(alveoli) beneath plasma membrane

Question 19

archaeplastida

Answer 19

includes red and green algae, and plants
include unicellular, colonial, and multicellular species like volvox
phycoerythrin
plant-type cloroplasts

Question 20

unikonta

Answer 20

includes amoebas with lobe-or tube-shaped pseudopodia, animals, fungi, and non-amoeba protists closely related to animals or fungi

Question 21

symbiotic protists

Answer 21

some protist symbionts benefit their host like dinoflagellates that live within the polyps and nourish reef-building coral
some protist invade the guts of termites and aid with the digestion of wood

some are parasites

Question 22

photosynthetic protists

Answer 22

many protist are producers, organism that use energy from light to conver co2 to organic compounds
in aquatic communities, the main producers are photosynthetic protists and prokaryotes
all other organisms are consumers that directly or indirectly depend on producers for food

Question 23

photosynthetic protists are limited by what

Answer 23

nutrients, populations explode when nutrients are added
population booms can have major ecological consequences, such as the formation of marine dead zones
growth and biomass of photosynthetic protist and prokaryotes ahve declined with increasing sea surface temperature

Question 24

excavata- diplomonads

Answer 24

reduced mitochondria called mitosomes that lack electron transport chains
energy is derived from anaerobic pathwasy
two equal sized nuclei and multiple flagella
many are parasites

Question 25

excavata-parabasalids

Answer 25

parabasalids have reduced mitochondria called hydrogenosomes that generate some energy anaerobically hydrogen gas is released as a by-product of anaerobic metabolism

Question 26

excavata-euglenozoans

Answer 26

a diverse clade including predatory heterotrophs, photosynthetic autotrophs, mixotrophs, and parasites spiral or crystalline rod inside each flagella includes the kinetoplastids and euglenids single mitochondria some are parasites one or two flagella

Question 27

SAR-Stramenopiles

Answer 27

hairy flagellum paired with a smooth flagellum diatoms, oomycetes, and brown algae are three important groups of stramenopiles

Question 28

SAR-stramenopiles-Diatoms

Answer 28

diatoms are unicellular algae with a unique two-part, glass-like wall of silicon dioxide compose much of the phytoplankton in oceans and lakes abundant and widespread the breakdown and release of carbon stored in the diatoms on the ocean floor can take centuries.

Question 29

SAR-Stramenopiles-brown algae

Answer 29

are the largest and most complex multicellular algae carotenoids in the plastids produce the brown color seaweed-lack the true tissues and organs found in plants

Question 30

SAR-Stramenopiles-Oomycetes

Answer 30

include water molds, white rusts, and downy mildews misidentified as fungi due to their multinucleate filaments that resemble fungal hyphae oomycete cell walls are composed of cellulose, rather than chitin no not have plastids or perform photosynthesis acquire nutrients through parasitism or decomposition

Question 31

SAR-Alveolates

Answer 31

have membrane-enclosed sacs(alveoli) just under the plasma membrane three clades included in the alveolates are the dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, and the ciliates

Question 32

SAR-Alveolates-Dinoflagellates

Answer 32

abundant components of marine and freshwater phytoplankton have two flagella housed in the grooves of armor-like cellulose plates that surround the cell beating of the spiral flagella cause dinoflagellastes to spin as the move through the water bloom red tides

Question 33

SAR-Alveolates-Apicomplexans

Answer 33

nearly all are apicomplexans spread through the host as infectious cells called sporozoites the apex(cell end) contians a complex of organelles specialized for penetrating host cells and tissues sexual and asexual stages and require two or more different hosts

Question 34

plasmodium (SAR?)

Answer 34

evades the host immune system by living inside cells and continually changing its surface proteins

Question 35

SAR-alveolates-Ciliates

Answer 35

Ciliates are named for their use of cilia to move around and feed on bacteria or other protists the cilia may completely cover the cell surface or be clustered in a few rows or tufts

Question 36

SAR-Rhizarians

Answer 36

many are amoebas amoebas are protists that move and feed using pseudopodia, extensions of the cell surface threadlike pseudopodia include radiolarians, forarms, and cercozoans

Question 37

SAR- rhizarians-radiolarians

Answer 37

have delicate, symmetrical internal skeletons typically made from silica pseudopodia reinforced by microtubules radiate from the central body prey is engulfed by the cytoplasm in the pseudopodia and carried into the cell by cytoplasmic streaming most are marine organisms

Question 38

SAR-Rhizarians-Cercozoans

Answer 38

amoeboid and flagellated protists that feed using threadlike pseudopodia heterotrophic parasites or predators

Question 39

archaeplastida-red algae

Answer 39

phycoerythrin masks the greed of chlorophyll giving the color most are multicellular reproduction is sexual in red algae and life cycles often include alternation of generation

Question 40

archaeplastida- green algae

Answer 40

names for their green chloroplast form a paraphyletic group that includes the charophytes and the chlorophytes evolved 1. formation of colonies from individual cells 2. formation of true multicellular bodies by cell division 3. repeated division of nuclei with no cytoplasmic division

Question 41

Unikonta-amoebozoans

Answer 41

amoebas that have lobe-or tube-shaped rather than thread like pseudopodia include tubulins, slime molds, and entamoebas

Question 42

unikonta-amoebozoans-tubulinids

Answer 42

active predators of bacteria and other protists common unicellular protists in soil

Question 43

unikont- amoebozoans- slime molds

Answer 43

thought to be fungi due to their spore-producing fruiting bodies have diverged into two lineages, plasmodial slime molds and cellular slime molds brightly colored

Question 44

unikonta- amoebozoans