Evolution

Question 1

The change of allele frequency in a population

Answer 1

Microevolution

Question 2

Sources of genetic variation

Answer 2

New alleles/mutations
Altering gene number or position
Rapid reproduction
Sexual reproduction

Question 3

Gene pool

Answer 3

All the alleles for all loci in a population and their frequencies

Question 4

When a population isn’t evolving

Answer 4

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

Question 5

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium requirement (5)

Answer 5

No mutations, Random mating, No natural selection, Large population size, No gene flow

Question 6

Hardy-Weinberg Equation!

Answer 6

p² + 2pq + q² = 1

Question 7

Random events that can majorly affect a small population is an example of…

Answer 7

Genetic drift

Question 8

Alleles coming in from new areas and mixing with the current population…

Answer 8

Gene flow

Question 9

A few of a group get isolated in a new area

Answer 9

The founder effect

Question 10

Sudden big reduction of a population into a smaller population

Answer 10

The bottleneck effect

Question 11

Genetic drift key points (4)

Answer 11

1. Significant in small populations
2. Can cause allele frequencies to change at random
3. Can lead to loss of variation
4. Can cause harmful alleles to be fixed

Question 12

Modes of selection

Answer 12

Directional selection
Disruptive selection
Stabilizing selection

Question 13

The contribution an individual makes to the gene pool relative to the contributions of others

Answer 13

Relative fitness

Question 14

Miller-Urey Experiment

Answer 14

Miller set up closed system mimicking early earth, flask simulating the primeval sea. Vapor in air, sparks to mimick lightning

Question 15

Past Organisms are very different from current ones

Answer 15

Macroevolution

Question 16

Four main stages for the formation of the first living cells

Answer 16

1. Synthesis of organic compounds
2. Synthesis of macromolecules
   3.Protocells (envelopes with different interiors and exteriors)
3. Self replication and metabolism

Question 17

Organic molecules forming in oceans “_________” and powered by…

Answer 17

Primitive Soup (powered by deep-sea hydrothermal vents, alkaline vents specifically)

Question 18

What helped make macromolecules from organic molecules?

Answer 18

Clay, from charged binding sites (bring monomers closer together)

Question 19

Vesicle (liposomes) production

Answer 19

Form spontaneously when lipids or other organic molecules are added to water

Question 20

Why RNA and not DNA as first genetic material?

Answer 20

DNA replication is elaborate, mRNA plays role in protien synthesis and can do some catalytic reactions.

Question 21

Affect of “oxygen revolution”

Answer 21

Creation of iron, killed a lot of prokaryotic groups, cellular respiration,

Question 22

Early cells: Origin of EG and nuclear envelope

Answer 22

Infolding of plasma membrane

Question 23

Mitochondria may have evolved when….

Answer 23

Larger ancestral prokaryote ate a aerobic bacterium and began a endysymbiont

Question 24

Plastids may have evolved when

Answer 24

An ancestral eukaryote engulfed a photosynthetic bacterium and began a endysymbiont

Question 25

Adaption definition

Answer 25

Inherited characteristics of an Organism that enhances survival and reproductive success in specific environments

Question 26

Homologous structures

Answer 26

Structures that are variations of a structural theme that was present in common ancestors

Question 27

Vestigial structures

Answer 27

Tiny leftover structures

Question 28

Similarity in related species resulting from common ancestors

Answer 28

Homology

Question 29

Condition of early earth

Answer 29

Reducing atmosphere, little oxygen, lots of vater vapor, compounds released by volcanic eruptions

Question 30

Lifelike properties of liposomes

Answer 30

Simple reproduction and metabolism, and able to maintain an internal environment different from external environments