Evolution 2 Flashcards
(40 cards)
_________ drive evolution
mutations
How we behave in society is very much influenced by __________
genetics
What can cause gene mutation to occur?
- Mistakes in gene transcription
- External factors such as chemicals or radiation
Must mutations are _______ or _______ and therefore will be selected against.
harmful, fatal
When can a mutation be selected for?
When it’s beneficial and fives the individual an advantage over others
What is genetic drift?
The disappearance of mutations due to random events
Why are beneficial mutations not always selected for?
Genetic drift
How long can it take for a beneficial mutation to actually propagate in a population?
Millions of years
What are 2 ways natural selection can improve the adaptability of species? Describe them.
Mutation and variation. They are mainly differentiated by timescale
Variation: Natural Selection of favorable traits that already exist in the population. This can be as fast as a few generations
Mutation: Natural selection of novel beneficial mutations. Can take 100’s of generations as these mutations are rare.
What is kin selection?
An evolutionary strategy that prioritises the reproductive success of the organisms relatives even though it may cost their own life.
Kin selection is a form of ______ ______, where it combines the number of kids produced with the number of individual who can ensure the production of offspring by supporting others
inclusive fitness
Why does kin selection work?
Even though the individual’s ability to reproduce is lowered, it increases the chance of its close genetic relatives.
A population with significant genetic variation in traits i more likely to survive dramatic changes in the ________ or encountering a deadly ________
environment, disease
Epigenetic modifications are responses to the ________. They can persist for a few generations
environment
What are some reasons to understand evolution?
- Understand drug resistant bacteria and viruses
- Understand disease and development
- Animal and crop propagation
- Conversation guide and mitigate climate change
- Manage common pool resources
- Understand where we come from
- Understand social behaviour
Why is it important to finish the entire antibiotic treatment even when you feel fine?
At the beginning of the treatment, the drug begins to kill of most of the bacteria and you start to feel better. But bacteria that have a better tolerance for the drug, do not die off as quickly, and are selected for. These partially resistant bacteria need a longer treatment time to be killed.
If you end early, these bacteria can reproduce, and create even more resistance in the long term
What is a common method to combat bacterial resistance?
Using multi drug cocktails that target different bacterial pathways. It’s unlikely for a bacteria to protect against multiple antibiotics at the same time.
How did humans evolve to combat the cold?
- Increase metabolism, heat production, and fat
- Modified behaviour by wearing clothing and seeking shelter
Most populations can adapt to _____ term changes without changing genes, and instead by up-regulating latent genes
short
What species is an example of low genetic diversity due to habitat loss, hunting, and several bottlenecks?
cheetahs
What are some examples of climate change driven evolution?
- Salmon migrating earlier
- More brown coloured owls in forests that have snow for shorter amounts of time
- Coral interacts with algae less sensitive to warm ocean waters
What are some examples of species that may go extinct due to climate change?
Great tit birds, as they are hatching there babies after caterpillar season, since caterpillars are maturing earlier due to the warmer spring weather
What is a bottleneck event?
An event that causes many members of a species to die off
Why do species that undergo a bottleneck event usually go extinct?
It reduces the genetic diversity to below a critical point and they will not be able to adapt even if the numbers come back up
