Evolution/Phylogenetics Flashcards
(20 cards)
What are the steps of evolution?
Mutation, gene flow, genetic drift, natural selection
Genetic drift includes the bottleneck effect and founder effect.
What is genetic drift?
Random change in allele frequencies, with a stronger impact during population size reduction.
Includes bottleneck effect and founder effect.
What is the Hardy-Weinberg principle?
A formula used to find genotypic frequencies in a population.
p = frequency of dominant allele, q = frequency of recessive allele.
What do p^2 and q^2 represent in Hardy-Weinberg?
p^2 = percentage of homozygous dominant individuals, q^2 = percentage of homozygous recessive individuals.
What is directional selection?
Natural selection that favors extreme variants of a trait.
What is stabilizing selection?
Natural selection that favors individuals with average traits.
What is disruptive selection?
Natural selection that favors individuals at both extreme ends of a trait.
What are variations in evolution?
Diverse physical characteristics within a population.
What are traits?
Actual visible or measurable features of an organism.
What are genes?
Segments of DNA that code for traits.
Who is associated with natural selection?
Charles Darwin.
What are the types of isolation in evolution?
Behavioral, geographic, temporal, and reproductive isolation.
What is behavioral isolation?
Differences in mating rituals or behaviors between species.
What is geographic isolation?
Species are separated geographically.
What is temporal isolation?
Species mate at different times of the year.
What is reproductive isolation?
When two populations cannot interbreed.
What are homologous structures?
Different organisms that share a common ancestor.
What are analogous structures?
Structures with separate evolutionary origins but similar functions.
What is convergent evolution?
The process that causes analogous structures to evolve.
What is gene flow?
Movement of genes (migration) that increases genetic diversity.
