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Human Physiology and Pharmacology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

(90 cards)

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1
Q

Physiology

A

the integrative study of the human body (major themes: organization, energy, information, interactions)

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2
Q

Homeostasis

A

the maintenance of a relatively constant, internal environment (Ex: pH, gases, ions, temp, fluids)

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3
Q

What do you need to regulate water temp?

A

thermostat-integrating center (detects water change)
heater-output signal (turn on heater)
water (increase in temp)
*original temp of water is input signal

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4
Q

What do you need to regulate glucose levels?

A

input signal : increase in glucose levels
integrating signal: pancreas detects change in glucose levels
output signal: pancreas releases insulin
response: decrease in glucose levels

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5
Q

Liver

A

Makes and stores glucose as glycogen (stops when glucose increases)

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6
Q

Negative Feedback

A

The response counteracts the stimulus, shutting off the response to the loop

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7
Q

Positive Feedback

A

An outside factor is required to shut off loop (Ex: child birth)

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8
Q

Plasma Cortisol

A

Detects stress levels

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9
Q

Cell membrane serves as

A

protection
structural support
regulation
communication

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10
Q

Inner Mitochondrial Membrane

A

High amount of protein to power the cell

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11
Q

Mylinated Nerve Cell

A

High amount of lipids to transmit signals

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12
Q

Red Blood Cell Membrane

A

Higher amount of carbs to detect blood type

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13
Q

Tissues

A

epithelial (simple, squamous, stratified, pseudostratified, cuboidal, columnar
connective
muscle
nerve

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14
Q

Histology

A

Study of tissues

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15
Q

Epithelial cells are

A

polarized

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16
Q

Apical

A

top

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17
Q

Basolateral

A

bottom

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18
Q

Lumen

A

opening

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19
Q

Connective Tissues

A

bone and cartilage
blood
adipose
loose connective tissue
dense regular connective tissue

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20
Q

Steady State

A

2 compartments where diff conc. are maintained (no net movement)

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21
Q

H and E

A

Hematoxylin and eosin (nuclei are stained blue/purple; proteins are stained pink)

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22
Q

ICF

A

2/3 of total body water volume (cells)

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23
Q

ECF

A

1/3 of total body water volume (interstitial fluid and blood plasma-lots of protein)

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24
Q

What proportion of the ECF is plasma?

A

25%

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25
NaCl
1:1 b/c can dissociate
26
Glucose
1:1 b/c can't dissociate
27
Aquaporin Channels
water channels and are open channels ions cant get in due to size and charge SD do not require proteins carrier proteins open and close (FD and AT)
28
Active Transport
can move 1 or 2 substances uniport (H+, ATPase) symport (SGLT)-secondary antiport (Na+/K+ ATPase)-primary
29
Saturation
Depend on conc, but has a limit
30
Competition
Glucose vs. glactose
31
Pinocytosis
Fluid intake
32
Phagocytosis
Solid intake
33
Autocrine Signal
Chemical
34
Gap Junction
Chemical and electrical
35
Hormones
Chemical
36
Neurohormone
Chemical
37
Neurotransmitters
Chemical and electrical
38
Paracrine Signal
Chemical
39
Ligand
Something that binds to a receptor
40
Intracellular Signal Receptors
gene exp. ligands diffuse across cell
41
Lipophilic Molecules
Steroids
42
Target Cell Receptors
Rapid
43
G Protein
Coupled receptor (don't cross membranes)
44
Second Messengers
Intracellular signals that amplify a signal (Ex: agonist and antagonist)
45
Tonic Control
Permits the activity of the organ system to be modulated, either up or down (Ex: diameter of a blood vessel; 1 factor)
46
Peptide Hormones
proteins (water soluable, cannot cross membrane) amplify response (secondary messenger) faster b/c extracellular (Ex: insulin)
47
Steroid Hormones
metabolizes (not water soluable, diffuse across membrane) slower b/c intracellular (Ex: estrogen) signal is within the cell (nucleus)-->transcription
48
Anterior Pituitary Gland
Endocrine gland (portal system)--> kidney and liver
49
Vessels
neurons (neurohormones) endocrine cells (peptide hormones)-->prolactin, TSH, GH, ACTH, FH, LSH
50
Hypothalamic Hormones
Trophic (intermediate hormones that target other endocrine tissues)
51
Posterior Pituitary
oxytocin (childbirth) vasopressin (ADH and BP)
52
Synergism
enhances effect
53
Antagonism
insulin (decreases BG) glucogon (increases BG)
54
Permissivness
Thyroid hormone requires 2 factors w/ reprodutive hormones to have an effect
55
Primary Endocrine Pathology
Damage to adrenal cortex
56
Secondary Endocrine Pathology
Damage to an area upstream
57
Which cells are the most prominent in the body?
Epithelial and connective
58
How much of the ECF is interstitial fluid
75%
59
Facilitated Diffusion
ions small polar molecules large polar molecules
60
Hormones
Secreted by endocrine glands or cells into the blood
61
Osmolarity
Decribes the number of particles in the solution (solute/volume)
62
Tonicity
Describes the solution and how the extracellular solution would affect cell volume
63
Law of Mass Balance
existing body load (body load) intake of metabolic production (input) excretion of metabolic removal (output)
64
dynamic equalibrium
Materials that are constantly moving back and forth to maintain homeostasis
65
3 classes of molecules that make up cell membrane
proteins lipids carbs
66
3 classes of proteins
integral transmembrane peripheral
67
3 classes of lipids
phospholipid spinolipid cholesterol
68
Simple Diffusion
lipids small polar molecules non-polar gases
69
Primary Active Transport
large polar molecules ions drugs AA
70
Secondary Active Transport
large polar molecules ions drugs AA
71
Endo/Exo/Phago
large macromolecules waste lipids B cells insulin
72
Exchange
urinary circulatory respiratory
73
Transporting
urinary digestive
74
CIliated
reproductive respiratory
75
Protective
integumentary
76
Secretory
integumentary circulatory digestive
77
Posterior Pituitary
direct connection
78
Normal Thyroid Func.
Increase in TRH-->increase in TSH-->increase in T3 and T4
79
Cortisol
steroid hormone permissive w/ insulin catabolic
80
Hypercortisol
primary- tumor secondary- tumor (cushing's) latrogenic (via taking steroids)
81
Hypocortisolism
Addison's disease hyponatremia and hyperkalemia (aldosterone, catechlomines, and cortisol)
82
ACTH and B-endorphin
Blocks pain and flight/fight
83
T3 and T4
need iodine promotes metabolism
84
Goiter
enlarged thyroid gland (hyper and hypo)
85
Graves disease
Have TSI that mimics TSH
86
Exophthalmos
Deposits of mucopolysaccarides
87
Hypothyroidism
lack of iodine in diet myxedema (puffy apperance) decrease protein synthesis
88
Hypertrophy
Increase in organ site by an increase in cell size
89
Growth Hormone
anabolic GH and IGF- stimulate protein synthesis and increases bone growth (antagonostic)
90
Acromegaly
increase in GH bones grow more quickly (gigantism)

Human Physiology and Pharmacology (7 decks)

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