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Human Physiology and Pharmacology > Pharmacology Exam 2 > Flashcards

Pharmacology Exam 2 Flashcards

(85 cards)

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1
Q

dermatophytoses

A

tinea infections

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2
Q

yeast infections

A

symbiotic relationship w/ animals
often opportunistic
infect mouth and vagina
systemic infection can occur

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3
Q

pneumonia

A

histoplasma
capsulatum
blastomyces dermatitis
can progress to systemic infection

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4
Q

meningitis

A

crytococcus necformans

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5
Q

azoles

A

synthetic antifungal drug

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6
Q

imidazoles (synthetic antifungal)

A

ketoconazole (oral + topical, poor CNS penetration)
fluconazole (oral + IV, excellent CNS penetration)
inhibit lanosterol 14 a-demethylase

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7
Q

triazole (synthetic antifungal)

A

voriconazole (IV)
candidiasis (oral)

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8
Q

allylanine (synthetic antifungal)

A

terbinatine (jock itch, athlete’s foot, lamasil->toenail infection)

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9
Q

tolnaftate ( synthetic antifungal)

A

creams
powders
aerosols
gels
solutions

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10
Q

nucleoside (synthetic antifungal)

A

orally active
candida
cryptococcus
flucytosine
5 fluorocytosine

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11
Q

polyenes (antifungal antibiotics)

A

amphotericin B (IV or topical)
hepatoxicity and nephrotoxicity
macrolide

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12
Q

nystatin (antifungal antibiotics)

A

oral
GI
vaginal
cutaneous
poorly absorbed
well tolerated
macrolide

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13
Q

griseofulvin (antifungal antibiotic)

A

lipophilic
low oral absorption
ringworm
toxic to fungi
nonmacrolide

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14
Q

aminosalicylic acid (synthetic antitubercular)

A

good oral absorption
isoniazid
ethanbutol (used in conjunction)

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15
Q

cyctoserine (antitubercular antibiotic)

A

oslated from microorganisms
rifampin
bactericidal
wide spectrum
well absorbed
stable in solid state
used in combo
excreted thru bile, feces, and urine
distributed to other parts of body fluids except brain

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16
Q

malaria

A

plasmodium falciparum
spread by female mosquito
prophylactics to treat

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17
Q

antimalarial agents

A

quinine
mefloquine
pyrimethanamine
primaquine
maloprim
malarone

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18
Q

endoparasites

A

intestinal worms (tape worm)
worms
malaria

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19
Q

ectoparasites

A

lice
scabies

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20
Q

antihelmintics

A

rid body of parasite worms
ivermectin

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21
Q

platyhelminthes (antihelmintic)

A

cestodes (tape worms)
trematodes (flukes)

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22
Q

nemathelminthes (antihelmintic)

A

nematodes
roundworms (bookworms, pinworms, ascorns)

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23
Q

alkaloid

A

plant origin
rings + basic nitrogen

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24
Q

mebendazole (antihelmintic)

A

disrupt microtubule
causes paralysis

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25
praziquantol (antihelmintic)
alters cell memebrane permeability causes paralysis
26
luermectin (antihelmintic)
glutamate gated Cl- channels antagonist causes paralysis
27
scabies and lice
bezylbenzoate lindane permethrin lotion cream shampoo
28
lindane
antagonist originally a pesticide induces seizure in ectoparasites side effects: seizure, CNS effects, arrhythmias, dermal irritation
29
phenoic
effective against gram (+) bacteria found in throat lozenges local anestehtic activity used against stapyloccocus aureus (strep throat)
30
iodine
antiseptic topical local bacteria and fungal infections
31
chlorine
disinfects water forms hypochlorous acid
32
benzoic peroxide
acne
33
preservatives
p-hydroxybenzoic acid benzoic acid and salt benzyl alcohol asorbic acid and salt
34
p-hydroxybenzoic acid
parabens antifungals esters
35
benzoic acid and salt
antiseptic lotions oitments mouthwashes
36
benzyl alcohol
ointments lotions prevents mold growth
37
DNA viruses
herpes chickenpox shingles
38
RNA viruses
cold viruses polio HIV ebola
39
nucleosides (base+ sugar)
acyclovir (herpes, varicella)-> oral+ parental administration ziovudine (AIDs, leukemia)-> oral activity
40
non-nucleosides
adamantone derivatives prevention of flu oral administration parkinson's (promotes release of dopamine) side effects: depression, dizziness, urinary retention, hallucinations, anxiety, GI tract
41
rimantadine (non-nucleoside)
for flu neuraminidase inhibitor cage/adamantanime compounds
42
oseltamivir
tamiflu for flu taken orally neuraminidase inhibitor
43
non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor
bind to allosteric site on HIV reverse transcriptase and inhibit enzyme activity (prevents DNA polymerization) nevirapine efavirenz
44
sofosbuvir
nucleoside treatment of Hep C
45
HIV
nucleoside (HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitor) non-nucleoside (HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitor) protease inhibitor (saquinavir) triple therapy (3 drugs from at least 2 of the above classes)
46
COVID-19
remdesivir hydroxychloroquine lopinavir interferon beta 1-a baricitinib paxlovid molnupiravir
47
protooncogenes
normal growth and regulation of cells
48
oncogenes
activated in cancer triggers excessive cell proliferation
49
tumor suppressor genes
inactivated in cancer regulate cell proliferation
50
antibacterial + antiviral
reduces resistance minimizes side effects inhibtion of proliferation
51
cell-cycle specific agents
interfere w/ DNA synthesis (s-phase) disrupts microtubules (m-phase)
52
cell-cycle non-specific agents
alkylating agents
53
toxicity (from cancer treatment)
blood cells GI cells hair follicle cells bone marrow supression mucositis alopecia
54
alkylating agents
non-specific toxic can cause secondary tumors IV administration testicular, ovarian, bladder, lung cancers neuroblastomas, braintumors, osteosarcoma
55
antimetabolites
specific prevents nucleotide synthesis
56
antibiotic anticancer agents
may or may not be specific microbial source
57
doxrubicin (antibiotic/anticancer)
inhibits topoisomerase II effective against a variety of tumors irreversible cardiomyopathy
58
tamoxifen (hormonal and immunomodulating)
estrogen receptor antagonist (breast cancer)
59
interferon (hormonal and immunomodulating)
enhances activity of cytotoxic-T, NK cells, macrophages (inhibits proliferation of tumor)
60
irinotecan
topoisomerase inhibitor hemtopoietic agent recombinant products radiosensitivities photodynamic therapy
61
monoclonal antibodies
trastuzumab (herceptin) binds to HER 2 proteins and inhbits growth of tumor cells for breast cancer (HER2 is overexpressed)
62
GI disorders
acidic stomach (heartburn, sour stomach, indigestion) helicobacter pylori infection (gastritis, abdominal pain, nausea, ulcers, stomach cancer) GERD (dysfunctional esophageal spinchter, inflammation of esophageal mucosa from gastric H+) constipation diarrhea obesity
63
helicobacter pylori infection
treat w/ amoxacillin, metronidazole, tetracycline
64
GERD
treat w/ antacids, or coating agents (non-specific) treat w/ proton pump inhibitors, H2 histamine receptor antagonists (specific)
65
proton pump inhibitors
inhibit H+/K+ ATPase on parietal cells decrease H+ secretion side effects: constipation or cancer omeprazole, lansoprazole, esomeprazole
66
H2 histamine receptor antagonists
inhibit stomach acid production treat heart burn and ulcers block histamine signals at the H2 receptors on parietal cells cimetidine, ranitidine (zantac), famotidine (pepcid)
67
antidiarrheals
opiods absorbants anticholinergistics
68
opiod antidiarreheals
agonists at u-opid receptors on mysenteric plexus of the large intestine decreases peristalisis slows transit time diphemoxylate w/ atropine loperomide side effects: constipation and CNS effects
69
bismuth subsalicylate
minor GI upset diarrhea reduces irritation antimicrobial action side effects: blackened stool pepto-bismol
70
anticholinergistics
muscarinic antagonists (Ach stimulates peristalsis) inhibit GI secretions and peristalsis by blocking cholinergic input dicycloverine, hyoscyamine lots of sides effects
71
constipation treatment
laxatives and cathartics (purgatives) mineral oil stimulant laxatives hyperosmotic agents bulking agents (fiber)
72
emulsifying agents
doscusate stool softner or laxatives improves penetration of water and fat into feces
73
senna
contains glycosides stimulates gastric fluid secretion and peristalsis can cause toxicity
74
obesity
orlistat reversible lipase inhibitor (prevents formation and therefore absorption of dietary fats) alters absorption of fat-soluable vitamins and drugs triglycerides + lipase= free fatty acids
75
anti-inflammatory agents MOA
inhibit formation of prostaglandins (blood clots, inflammation, fever)-> fast response inhibit immune functions antagonists of chemicals released by immune system (histamine)
76
inhibition of immune functions (antagonistic response)
immunosuppressants (corticosteroids) interleukins and interferons are peptides released by immune cells prevent rejection of transplated organs and bone marrow reverse autoimmune disease such as aplastic anemia
77
histamine
released by basophils causes bronchial constriction and inflammation regulates acid and pepsin secretion in stomach, HR, and vasodilation
78
H1
lung adrenal medulla veins capillaries gastrointestinal muscle
79
H2
heart stomach
80
H1 and H2
heart capillaries and arterioles
81
H3
histamine-releasing cells
82
NSAIDs
GI irritation and ulceration at high doses
83
asprin
acetyl salicyclic acid (inhibits cyclooxygenase) willow bark (synthetic)
84
acetaminophen
less GI irritation compared to asprin less anti-inflammatory effects compared to asprin treats aches, pains, arthritis, gout
85
antihistamine
treats allergies prophylaxis for asthma and allergic symptoms H1 block bronchial smooth muscles contraction, vasodilation, increased capillary permeability H2 (block HCl and pepsin secretion)

Human Physiology and Pharmacology (7 decks)

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