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Human Physiology and Pharmacology > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

cardiac muscle

A

both extracellular and intracellular ca2+ like skeletal muscle
need ATP to pump ca2+ back out (low conc->high conc
T-tubule structure is diff
ca2+ more extracellular, so moves in via L-type ca2+ channels
longer refractory period (no tetnus)
pacemaker potential is 60 mV (Na+ in via If channels; does not depend on ca2+ so AP is all or nothing)

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2
Q

3 basic components of cardiovascular system

A

heart=pump
blood vessles=tubes
blood=fluid

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3
Q

SA node

A

regulation of HR

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4
Q

intercalated disks w/ gap junctions

A

transmits electrical and chemical signals and generates force

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5
Q

order of electrical signal

A

SA node->AV node->AV bundle->purkinje fibers

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6
Q

p wave

A

atrial depolarization

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7
Q

QRS complex

A

ventricular depolarization

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8
Q

T wave

A

ventricular repolarization

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9
Q

R

A

signal goes to purkinje fibers and depolarizagion occurs

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10
Q

EKG

A

helps determine if there are abnormal signals in the heart

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11
Q

third degree block

A

no T waves

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12
Q

A-fib

A

no P or T waves

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13
Q

ventricular fibrilation

A

no normal waves

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14
Q

chordinae tendinae

A

anchor valves and help them open and close

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15
Q

high to low BP

A

aorta
arteries
aterioles
capillaries
venules
veins
vena cava

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16
Q

smaller radius

A

higher resistance
less flow

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17
Q

larger radius

A

less resistance
higher flow

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18
Q

systole

A

contraction

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19
Q

diastole

A

relaxation

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20
Q

more narrow vessle

A

faster velocity of flow

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21
Q

frank-starling law

A

can accomodate stretch and generate force (exercise)

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22
Q

heart failure with preserved ejection fraction

A

diastolic dysfunction
EF>50%
hypertension, lung congestion, exercise intolerance, muscle weakness, A-fib, renal dysfunction
SGLT2 (antidiabetic= reduced glucose levels)

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23
Q

hypertrophy

A

building up muscle

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24
Q

precapilary spincter

A

close off to prevent BF

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25
valves
prevent backflow of blood in veins
26
skeletal muscle pump
when skeletal muscles compress in veins they force blood towards the heart
27
pulse pressure
systolic pressure-diastolic pressure
28
MAP
diastolic pressure + 1/3 (pulse pressure) proportional to CO and resistance
29
increased resistance
increased MAP
30
decreased CO
decreased BV and MAP
31
CO
HR * SV
32
decreased venous BV
increased arterial BV
33
increase in BP fast response
vascodilation decreased CO decreased BP
34
increase in BP slow response
excretion of fluid in urine via kidneys decreased BV
35
hemorrhage
decreased BV and decreased BP so vasoconstriction= increased CO, increased HR (sympathetic response)
36
SV
EDV-SDV
37
arteriole resistance modulation
local control match tissue metabolic needs sympathetic reflexes hormonal control (vasopression and angiotensin II)->vasocontriction epinepherine, decreased O2, increased Co2, increased H+ and K+-> vasodilation
38
hyperemia
increased BF to a region inflammation increased temp
39
tonic control
increased NE (vasocontriction) decreased NE (vasodilation)
40
parallel arrangement
allows to sense changes affect BF to diff parts of body
41
baroreceptors
located in carotid and aortic arteries increased BP-> decreased sympathetic response-> increased parasympathetic response-> vasodilation-> decreased CO, R, HR-> decreased BP contain stretch sensitive ion channels (mechanically gated) depolarization due to Na+ and ca2+
42
orthostatic hypotension
change in position due to standing lowers BP due to gravity causing accumulation of blood in the venous cavity (no venous return)-> decreased CO and MAP standing activates skeletal muscle pump increasing BP low gravity causes more blood in arterial circulation (increased BV and BP)-> decreased BV via kidneys (dehydration)
43
capillaries
high SA but low BF O2 (via diffusion) paracellular route (H2O) transcytosis (macromolecules)
44
fenestrated
specialized pores
45
colloid osmotic pressure
amount of protein present mediated capillary exchange
46
decreased hydrostatic pressure
absorption
47
increased hydrostatic pressure
filtration
48
kwashiorkor
malnutrition increased net filtration (of fluid but little nutrients) fluid buildup in extracullar fluid decreased colloid osmotic pressure (decreased protein= watery plasma)
49
order of cardiac cycle
late diastole atrial systole isovolumetric contraction ventricular ejection isovolumic ventricular relaxation
50
respiratory system
exchange of o2 and co2 b/w lungs and blood transport of o2 and co2 by the blood exchange of gases b/w blood and cells consist of an increased SA
51
alveoli
form exchange system in lungs type 1= gas exchange type 2= surfactant (help airsacs stay open)
52
bronchioles
help get air into lungs
53
cillia
help move debris away from lungs secrete saline
54
goblet cells
secrete mucous
55
CFTR
help move mucous impaired in patients w/ CF
56
dead space
air that is not exchanged in alveoli
57
functions of airways
exchange of gases pH, water, and heat regulation (loss) protection from pathogens vocalization movement of air (resistance and muscular pump)
58
importance of pleural fluids and membranes
reduce friction position elastic recoil and movement of lungs
59
pneumothorax
collapsed lung
60
increased BV
increased filtration fluid accumulation in lungs
61
symptoms of CHF
edema and fluid buildup in lungs
62
boyle's law
decreased volume= increased pressure (exhalation) increased volume during inhalation= decreased pressure (diaphram flattens) muscle groups= internal (expiration) and external (inhalation) intercostals
63
compliance
ability of lungs to stretch
64
elastance
ability to resist being deformed
65
emphysema
lungs are able to stretch, but lack elastic recoil
66
surfactant
prevent adhesion decrease surface tension
67
bronchodilators
epinepherine (B2 receptors) good for asthma attacks
68
hyperventilation
pp of increased o2 pp of decreased co2-> decreased H+-> increased pH increased alveolar ventilation minimal increase in percent saturation of aterial Hb
69
physiological sensors
o2 co2 pH
70
decreased pp of o2
decreased o2 in alveoli can be due to altitude, edema, emphysema, asthma, CNS depression (can lead to hypoxia)
71
hypercapnia
high co2 levels
72
solubility
co2 more soluble than o2 o2 bound to hemoglobin helps increase solubility (3 diff cells o2 has to pass)
73
hemoglobin
4 chains (2 alpha and 2 beta)-> heterotetramer 4 heme groups cooperativity of binding= interaction of o2 w/ one heme faciliates binding of o2 to another heme
74
pulse oximeter
measures hemoglobin saturation
75
hypoxic hypoxia
low arterial pp of o2 (high altitude, alveolar hypoventilation, decreased lung diffusion capacity)
76
anemic hypoxia
decreased total amount of o2 bound to hemoglobin (blood loss, CO poisoning)
77
ischemic hypoxia
reduced BF (HF, shock, thrombosis)
78
pp of o2 of venous blood
equal of pp of o2 of muscle
79
CO2
7% dissolved in blood 23% binds to Hb (decreased Hb affinity for o2) 70% converted to HCO3 (binds to carbonic anahydrase)-> converted to CO2+H2O-> acts as a buffer-> dissociation of H+ decreased pH
80
reflex control of ventilation
controlled of respiratory neurons in medulla neurons in pons interacts w/ medullary neurons to influence ventilation modulated by chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors linked receptors
81
cardiac muscle characteristics
striated sarcomeres heart muscle uninucleate intermediate graded autorhythmic autonomic neurons epinepherine

Human Physiology and Pharmacology (7 decks)

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