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Human Physiology and Pharmacology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

(85 cards)

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1
Q

SRY genes

A

drives differentiation of testes

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2
Q

serotoli cells

A

secrete AMH

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3
Q

leydig cells

A

secrete testosterone

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4
Q

respond to LH

A

leydig cells

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5
Q

recieve from FSH

A

sertoli cells

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6
Q

absence of AMH and testosterone

A

mullerian ducts stay and form the fallopian tubes, uterus, and portion of vagina

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7
Q

adrenal glands

A

secrete small amounts of sex steroids
cortisol
aldosterone
epinepherine
norepinepherine

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8
Q

GnRH

A

regulated by kisspeptin

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9
Q

inhibins from gonads

A

inhibit FSH secretion

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10
Q

low estrogen and androgen

A

no neg. feedback

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11
Q

med estrogen and androgen

A

neg feedback

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12
Q

high androgen

A

neg feedback

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13
Q

high estrogen

A

positive feedback

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14
Q

primordial follicle

A

primary oocyte surrounded by granulosa cell
if unselected for maturation, will undergo atresia (cell death)

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15
Q

primary follicles

A

primary oocyte grows
granulosa cells divide (have FSH receptors and convert androgens to estrogens)

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16
Q

secondary follicles

A

grow larger
theca begin to form (have LH receptors and secrete androgens)
some fail program and become atretic

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17
Q

tertiary follicle

A

formation of a large fluid filled cavity antrum
release egg
a follicle that remains from pool becomes dom folllicle

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18
Q

LH

A

hormonal regulation

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19
Q

FSH

A

gamete production

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20
Q

theca cells

A

androgen production

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21
Q

granulosa cells

A

aromatase (androgen->estrogen)

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22
Q

LH and FSH

A

mediated by GnRH during ovulation

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23
Q

corpus luteum

A

produces progesterone and estrogen after ovulation

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24
Q

capacitution

A

sperm acrosome is able to penetrate the head (meiosis II)

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25
implantation
occurrs 5-9 days after fertilization
26
blastacysts
cells that become placenta
27
inner cell mass
cells that become embryo
28
nerves
long axon of afferent and efferent peripheral neurons that are bundled toegther w/ connective tissue into cord like fibers
29
sensory nerves
afferent
30
motor nerves
efferent
31
glial cells
schwann cells in PNS oligodendrocytes in CNS satellite and gangion cells in PNS astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells in CNS
32
antrograde
down the axon
33
retrograde
against the axon
34
ependymal cells
barrier formation
35
astrocytes
electrolyte balances neurotransmitter uptake axon growth barrier formation energy formation
36
afferent neurons
send signals from senseory receptors to CNS
37
efferent neurons
send signals from CNS to motor neurons
38
microglia
immune cells in brain
39
oligodendrocytes and schawann
myelin sheath formation
40
myelin
transmits signals faster (insulation) protection
41
depolarization
Na+ moves into the cell Ca+ entry less negative excitatory
42
hyperpolarization
Cl- moves into the cell K+ exits more negative inhibitory
43
graded potentials
do not travel long distances and maintain strength lose strength via current leak and cytoplasmic resistance can be deploarized or hyperpolarized
44
action potential
all or nothing (constant)
45
equailibrium
0 mv
46
conductance
the ease at which ions flow through a channel
47
excitatory
the ability of a neuron to respond to a stimulus and fire an action potential
48
refractory period
neurons do not fire
49
demyelinating diseases
multiple sclerosis guillan-barre syndrome
50
Ca2+
important for release of neurotransmitters
51
hypothalamus
temp control water balance eating behavior
52
pons and medulla
urinary bladder control respiratory control bp regulation
53
neurotransmitter termination
return to axon terminal for reuse or transported into glial cells enzymes inactivate neurotransmitters neurotranmitters can diffcuse out of the synaptic cleft
54
divergence
one presynaptic neuron brances to affect a larger number of postsynaptic neurons
55
convergence
many presynaptic neurons provide input to influence a smaller number of postsynaptic neurons
56
anterior pituitary
GH ACTH LH FSH prolactin TSH
57
posterior pituitary
ADH oxytocin
58
hypothalamus
TRH CRH GHRH dopamine somatastatin
59
thyroid/parathyroid
T3 T4 calcitonin PTH
60
thymus
thymulin thymosin thymopoietin
61
pancreas
insulin glucagon
62
testes
testosterone (androgen)
63
ovaries
estrogen progesterone
64
pineal gland
melatonin
65
liver
IGFs
66
autonomic pathways (efferent)
preganglionic neuron postganglionic neuron
67
vagus nerve
parasympathetic
68
sympathetic hormones
acetylcholine norepinepherine (adrenergic receptors)
69
parasympathetic hormone
acetylcholine (muscarinic receptor)->GPCR
70
nicotinic receptor
ion-receptor channel Na+ flows in depolarizing and causing an action potential
71
autonomic varicosities
release neurotransmitterds over the surface of a target cell target a variety of cells smooth muscle cells
72
beta blocker
decrease BP
73
adrenal medulla
secretes epinepherine modified sympathetic ganglion most like posterior pituitary (direct connection to hypothalamus via portal system)
74
`somatic motor pathways
control skeletal muscles excitatory synapse is on a muscle fiber called NMJ
75
acetycholinesterase
breaks down acetylcholine anticholinersterase inhibits so more Ach remains
76
ovarian cycle
follicular phase ovulation luteal phase w/ corpus luteum
77
uterine cycle
menses proliferative phase secretory phase
78
mechanically gated ion channels
respond to physical forces
79
chemically gated ion channels
respond to extracellular ligands or intracellular signaling molecules
80
voltage gated ion channels
respond to changes in cell's membrane potential
81
suprathreshold
leads to action potential
82
amino acids
glutamate (excitatory) GABA (inhibitory) glycine (inhibitory)
83
amines
norepinepherine dopamine epinepherine serotonin histamine
84
sympathetic
thoracic lumbar
85
parasympathetic
brainstem sacral

Human Physiology and Pharmacology (7 decks)

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