FInal (Renal System)

Question 1

Functions of Kidneys

Answer 1

filter blood
eliminate wastes
regulate water and ion balance
modulate pH
regulate BP
produce hormones

Question 2

Properties of Kidneys

Answer 2

0.4% of body weight
recieve 20-25% CO

Question 3

Cortex

Answer 3

bowman’s capsule
pt
dt

Question 4

Medulla

Answer 4

loh
ct

Question 5

Nephron

Answer 5

functional unit of kidneys

Question 6

Vascular pole

Answer 6

where the afferent and efferent arterioles enter and exit the glomerulus

Question 7

Urinary pole

Answer 7

where the ultrafiltrate exits the bowman’s space and pct begins

Question 8

podocytes

Answer 8

highly specialized epithelial cells that wrap around the capillaries at the glomerulus

Question 9

afferent arteriole

Answer 9

brings in unfiltered blood that becomes waste

Question 10

efferent arteriole

Answer 10

filtered blood that goes back to the heart

Question 11

glomerulus

Answer 11

filters blood

Question 12

peritubular capillaries

Answer 12

filters blood that becomes waste

Question 13

excretion

Answer 13

afferent arteriole->glomerulus->pct->loh->dt->ct->bladder

Question 14

reabsorption

Answer 14

afferent arteriole->glomerulus->efferent arteriole->peritubular capillaries->vasa recta->renal vein

reabsorption can also occur in pt (30%), dt, and loh

passive and active transport

Question 15

filtration

Answer 15

occurs in the glomerulus
occurs first
more filtration than secretion

Question 16

secretion

Answer 16

pt, dt, ct

Question 17

loh

Answer 17

used for reabsorption

Question 18

amount of solute excreted

Answer 18

amount reabsorbed+amount secreted

Question 19

secretion

Answer 19

more specific

Question 20

net filtation pressure

Answer 20

total pressure that promotes filtration (BP. colloid pressure)

Question 21

decreased plasma protein conc.

Answer 21

increased GFR

Question 22

increased pressure

Answer 22

increased GFR

Question 23

decreased pressure

Answer 23

decreased GFR

Question 24

juxtaglomerular apparatus

Answer 24

affect dilation or constriction of vessels to macth filtration rates

Question 25

membrane transporters

Answer 25

saturation specificity competition for binding

Question 26

urea

Answer 26

a nitrogenous waste product (50% reabs and 50% secret.)

Question 27

xenobiotics

Answer 27

foreign molecules that arent found in the body

Question 28

Why is reabsorption favored in the peritubular capillaries

Answer 28

hydrostatic pressure lower in the peritubular capillaries due to farther distance reabsorbtion occurs in the opp. direction than filtration

Question 29

creatinine

Answer 29

measures kidney func. (estimates GFR)

Question 30

GFR

Answer 30

if only filtered, clearance=GFR

Question 31

inulin

Answer 31

polysaccharide (complex carb. from plants) 100% excreted

Question 32

glucose

Answer 32

most of it reabsorbed (~100%) in urine for diabetic patients

Question 33

SGLT2

Answer 33

diabetic drug prevents reabsorption of glucose, thus excreted

Question 34

penicillin

Answer 34

high secretion, so high excretion low filtration

Question 35

micturition

Answer 35

process of urination

Question 36

osmolarity

Answer 36

increases as you go nephron (by the time it gets to the loh)

Question 37

ALOH

Answer 37

solute reabsorption->hyperosmotic less heat loss

Question 38

DLOH

Answer 38

fluid reabsorption->hypoosmotic heat loss

Question 39

countercurrent exchange

Question 40

vasopressin (ADH)

Answer 40

if supressed, more dilute urine higher at night peptide hormone faster response due to aquaporins

Question 41

BP

Answer 41

decreased BP and BV=water is conserved increased thirst and water intake

Question 42

aldosterone

Answer 42

increased k+ conc. increased BP steroid hormone increased na+ reabs. released by adrenal cortex

Question 43

angiotension II

Answer 43

peptide hormone increased BP and CO triggers vasocontriction increases vasopressin secretion (increased thirst) can be reduced by targeting ACE, ARBs, direct renin inhibitors

Question 44

antihypertensives

Answer 44

diuretics beta blockers calcium channel blockers

Question 45

ANP

Answer 45

decreased myocardial stretch decreased BV and BP peptide hormone increased na+ and H2O excretion increased GFR by vasodilation inhibits RAAS

Question 46

BNP

Answer 46

decreased myocardial stretch peptide hormone importatn clinical marker in patients with HF

Question 47

natriuresis

Answer 47

na+ loss

Question 48

diuresis

Answer 48

h2o loss