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Anatomy > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

T/F
physiology is explainable only in terms of the underlying anatomy

A

TRUE

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2
Q

anatomy

A

studies the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another

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3
Q

physiology

A

the function of the body; how the body parts work and carry out their life-sustaining activities.

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4
Q

What are the levels of organization?

A

-chemical level (atoms, molecules)
-cellular level (organelle, smooth muscle cell)
-tissue level (smooth muscle tissue)
-organ level (organs)
-organ system level (organ systems)
-organismal level (organism/whole being)

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5
Q

How many organ systems are there?

A

11

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6
Q

name the organ systems

A

-integumentary
-skeletal
-muscular
-nervous
-endocrine
-cardiovascular
-lymphatic
-respitory
-digestive
-urinary
-reproductive

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7
Q

Integumentary system

A

-forms the external body covering (skin)
-protects deeper tissues from injury
-makes vitamin D
-houses cutaneous receptors, sweat glands, and oil glands

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8
Q

skeletal system

A

-protects and supports body organs
-provides framework for muscles to cause movement
-bones form blood cells and store minerals

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9
Q

muscular system

A

-allows manipulation of the environment
-locomotion
-facial expression
-maintain posture
-produce heat

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10
Q

nervous system

A

-fast-acting control system of the body
-responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands

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11
Q

endocrine system

A

-glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as:
growth, reproduction, metabolism

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12
Q

cardiovascular system

A

-blood vessels transport blood
-also carry oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste, etc
-heart pumps blood

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13
Q

lymphatic system

A

-picks up fluid leaks from blood vessels and returns them to blood
-disposes of debris in the lymphatic system
-houses WBC
-immune response mounts attack against foreign substances in the body.

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14
Q

respiratory system

A

-keeps blood supplied w oxygen and removes carbon dioxide
-occurs thru wallas of the air sacs of the lungs

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15
Q

digestive system

A

-breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood
-indigestible food is eliminated as feces

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16
Q

urinary system

A

-eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body
-regulates water, electrolytes, and acid-base balance of the blood

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17
Q

reproductive system

A

produces offspring

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18
Q

male reproductive system

A

-testes produce sperm and male sex hormone
-male ducts and glands deliver sperm to female reproductive tract

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19
Q

female reproductive system

A

-ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones
-remaining structures are used for fertilization and development of a fetus
-mammary glands produce milk to nourish newborns.

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20
Q

necessary life functions

A

-maintaining boundaries
-movement
-responsiveness
-digestion
-metabolism
-excretion
-reproduction
-growth

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21
Q

survival needs

A

-nutrients
-oxygen
-water
-fluid osmolality
-normal body temperature
-atmospheric pressure
-carbon dioxide
-pH

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22
Q

blood glucose normal value

A

70-120 mg/dL

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23
Q

blood oxygen normal value

A

80-105 mmHg

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24
Q

blood CO2 normal value

25
volume normal value
40L (60% body weight)
26
BP normal value
120/80 MAP(=100mmHg)
27
fluid osmolality normal level
280-300 mOsm/kg H2O
28
normal body temp
98.6 degrees F 37 degrees C
29
normal pH value
7.35-7.45
30
homeostasis
maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions despite changes in the environment (dynamic)
31
steps of the homeostasis control system
1: stimulus: produces change 2: receptor: detects change 3: input: sends info to CC 4: output: sends info to effector 5: response: returns to homeostasis
32
parts of the homeostasis control center
-receptor -control center -effector
33
receptor
-monitors environment -responds to stimuli
34
control center
-determines the set point at which the variable is maintained -receives input from receptor -determines appropriate response
35
effector
-receieves output from CC -provides means to respond -either reduces stimuli or enhances
36
positive feedback
parameter goes up and the effector goes up as well -stimuli is enhanced
37
negative feedback
-parameter goes up, effector goes down -stimuli is reduced
38
examples of negative feedback
-body temp (nervous sys) -blood glucose (endocrine sys)
39
examples of positive feedback
-platelet formation -blood clot activation -labor and delivery
40
In the anatomical position, where do the palms face?
anterior
41
In the anatomical position, where is the thumb (pollex) located?
lateral
42
In the anatomical position, where is the hallux (big toe) located?
medial
43
pollex
thumb
44
hallux
big toe
45
anterior/ ventral
toward front/ front
46
posterior/ dorsal
toward back/back
47
superior/cranial
-toward head
48
inferior/caudal
-toward tail end
49
medial
toward midline
50
lateral
away from midline
51
intermediate
between lateral and midline -ex: shoulderblades
52
proximal
toward the origin of the body
53
distal
away from the origin of the body
54
superficial (external)
-toward or at the surface
55
deep (internal)
-away from surface
56
median/midsagittal plane
splits the body into left and right
57
frontal/coronal plane
splits the body into front and back
58
transverse plane
splits the body into top and bottom

Anatomy (8 decks)

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