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Anatomy > study guide for chapter 11 > Flashcards

study guide for chapter 11 Flashcards

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1
Q

two principal parts of the nervous system

A

CNS
PNS

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2
Q

Three Major Functions of the nervous system

A

sensory input
integration
sensory output

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3
Q

subdivisions of the peripheral nervous system

A

1: sensory/afferent(brings info in)
2: motor/efferent
somatic: skeletal, voluntary
autonomic: cardiac and smooth, and glands
-sympathetic: fight or flight (inc heart rate
-parasympathetic: rest and digest

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4
Q

Two principle cell types in nervous tissue

A

neuroglia
nuerons

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5
Q

Nueroglia in CNS

A

1: astrocytes: most abundant, circulates blood vessels blood/brain barrier
2: microglia: phagocytes in CNS, clean up engulf pathogens
3: ependymal: ciliated, produce cerebral spinal fluid
4: oligodendrocytes: form myelin sheats in CNS, arms that wrap around axon

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6
Q

Nueroglia in PNS

A

1: satellite cells: protect the cell body in the PNS
2: Schwann cells: form myelin sheath in the PNS

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7
Q

Neurons are the functional unit of the nervous system

A
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8
Q

Four special characteristics of neurons

A

irritable: can respond to signals
amitotic: do not divide once mature
extreme longevity: live as long as humans
high metabolic rate for ATP: aerobic, and require glucose and oxygen.

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9
Q

three major regions of the neuron and their function

A

soma: body of the nueron, maintains structure and energy
axon: transmits signals
dendrites: receive signals

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10
Q

structural classification for nuerons

A

-multipolar (most abundant)
-bipolar
-unipolar

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11
Q

functional classifications for a nueron

A

-sensory/afferent: to CNS
-motor/efferent: away from CNS
-interneurons: brudge between the two (most abundant)

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12
Q

myelin function

A

protects and insulates cell as well as speeds electrical impulses

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13
Q

What cells form sheaths in the PNS

A

Schwann cells

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14
Q

What cells form myelin sheaths in the CNS

A

oligodendrocytes

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15
Q

nervous system

A

system that controls that body

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16
Q

sensory input

A

signals that travel to the CNS for integration (control)

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17
Q

integration

A

where information is processed to produce an output

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18
Q

gangli

A

collection of nueral bodies

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19
Q

tract

A

bundle of axon fibers connecting to the nuclei

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20
Q

axon terminal

A

end of axon, used to transmit signals

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21
Q

seceretory region/ axon terminal region is at end

A
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22
Q

axolemma

A

membrane that encloses axon of a cell

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23
Q

nuerilemma

Study These Flashcards
A

outer layer of schwann cells

24
Q

generator potential/receptor potential

Study These Flashcards
A

potentail produced by the activation of a sensory rec

25
postsynaptic potential
electrical change caused by nuerotrandmitter binding
26
EPSP
an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) is a postsynaptic potential that makes the postsynaptic neuron more likely to fire an action potential. -depolarizaing/ making membrane more positive
27
ISPS
inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) is a type of synaptic potential that reduces the action of a postsynaptic neuron. hyperpolarizing/making membrane more negative
28
potential difference because ions are impermeable to cell membranes, there is also a difference in permeability to some ions as opposed to others (more permeable to sodium than to potassium)
29
hyperpoarization
becoming more negative
30
two types of graded potentials
1. receptor 2. postsynaptic
31
graded potentials
-dendrites and soma -recieve signals -chemically gated channels -mplitude varies, summated
32
action potential
-requires VG and a threshold -occurs in axons -all or none -not graded in amplitude -no summated -self propogating
33
depolarization
na channel opne -happens first
34
repolarization
happens next -K channelh
35
hyperpolarization
rgn
36
acetylcholine
excitatory or inhibitory -CNS and PNS -degraded by AChE -nuerons releasing are called "cholinergic nuerons" -released by somatic motor nuerons and is excitatory to skeletal muscle -released by reganglionic fibers or parasympathetic dividion of PNS and is ecitatory or inhinitory -BOTOX, snake venom, alzheimers, myasthenia gravis
37
Norepinephrine
-biogenic amine -excit or inhib -released by postganglionic fibers of symosthetic dividion of the PNS -removal from synapse is blocked by cociane -release is enhanced by amphetamines
38
dopamine
-biogeneic amine -nuerons are called "dopaminergic nuerons" -exc or inhib -dopamenergic nuerons clustered in the substantia nigra -release enhanced by amphetamines -removal is blocked by cocaine -reducded in parkinsos -extra in schizaphrenia
39
serotonin
5_HT -biogenic amine -nuerons released "serotonergic nuerons" --mainly inhibitory -involved in suppressing appetite -secretion ehanced phen pehn -elevated mood -SSRI
40
histamine
-biogenic amine -excitatory or inhibit -CNS: hypothalamus -wakefulness, appetite control, learning, and memory
41
GABA
amino acid -inhibitory -principle inhibitory nuerotransmitter in the brain
42
continuous conduction
relatively slwo propogation along an unmyelinated axon
43
electrical vs chemical synapse
electrical -require gap junctions -provide rapid transmission -uni or bidirectional -synchronizing activity chemical: -presynaptic axon terminal -synaptic vesicles -receptor region of postsynapti ccell -synaptic celft -requires nerotransmitters -lengthy compared to electrical --unidirectional
44
effects on postsynaptic nueron
-EPSP (fire) -IPSP- (dont fire) -temporal summation: keep climbing like stairs -spatial summation: multiple action potentials in short area
44
possible ways to terminate nuerotransmitter effects
1. reuptake -degradation -diffusion
44
mechanism of transfer for chemical synapse
1. action potential at axon terminal 2. volatge gated calcium channels open 3. calcium sneds signals release of nuerotransmitter by exocytosis 4. nuerotransmitteer diffuses accross synaptic cleft and binds to receptor 5. nuerotransmitter binding to receptor causes a chemically gated ion channel to open (postsynaptic potential) 6. amount of nuerotransmitter released is dependent upon the action potentil frequency
45
Understand that calcium channels in the axon terminal, that open in response to an action potential, are voltage-regulated channels
46
What does neurotransmitter binding to their receptor cause
post-synaptic potential
47
clhoride channel
chemically regulated -hyperpolarized, IPSP
48
sodium channel
depolarization, EPSP -voltage gated
49
Potassium
-hyperpolarization, IPSP -voltage gated
50
why are ipsp inhibitory
hyperpolarizing the cell
51
EPSP
sodium channel opening, depolarozation
52
Glutamate
-amino acid -excitattory -used in CNS -memory and learning -"stroke nuerotransmitter"
53
endorphins
-peptide -inhibitory -natural opiate -inhibit pain -effects are micmicked my morphine, heroine, mathodone
54
ATP
purine -excit or inhib -CNS and PNS -pain sensation nitric oxide -gas -excit or inhib CNS or PNS viagra
55

Anatomy (8 decks)

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