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Exam two Flashcards

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1
Q

What are some characteristics of hair?

A

-produced in the root of the follicle
-consists of dead, keratinized cells
-hair growth occurs from scalp

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2
Q

Two types of glands

A

Sudiriferous
sebaceous

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3
Q

What are the two types of sudoriferous glands

A

-apocrine
-eccrine

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4
Q

What is the product and purpose of the eccrine gland?

A

Product: hypotonic filtrate of blood plasma
Purpose: temp control, antibacterial properties

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5
Q

What is the product and purpose of the apocrine gland?

A

Product: Filtrate of blood plasma w added proteins and fatty substances
Purpose: Sexual scent glands

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6
Q

T/F Apocrine glands are more distributed than eccrine glands

A

False, Eccrine glands are everywhere, much more widely distributed

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7
Q

What is the product and purpose of the sebaceous glands?

A

-Product: sebum
-Purpose: lubricate skin and hair, help prevent water loss, antibacterial properties

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8
Q

T/F Nails are modifications of the epidermis

A

TRUE

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9
Q

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

A

-support
-protection
-movement/anchorage of muscles
-stores minerals (calcium/PO4)
-hematopoesis (red marrow)
-triglyceride storage (yellow marrow)
-maintain calcium homeostasis

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10
Q

perichondrium

A

layer of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the cartilage of developing bone

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11
Q

chondroblast

A

cells that form the cartilage matrix

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12
Q

chondrocyte

A

cells that maintain the cartilage matrix

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13
Q

lacuna

A

hold osteocytes

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14
Q

What is the extracellular matrix mainly comprised of in skeletal cartilage?

A

collagen

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15
Q

What are the three types of skeletal cartilage

A

-hyaline
-elastic
-fibrocartilage

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16
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage found

A

-ends of long bones (joints)
-costal cartilage

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17
Q

Where is elastic cartilage found, and what does it do?

A

-permits sretching
found: in ear

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18
Q

What is the role and location of fibrocartilage?

A

-absorbs shock
-location:intervetebral discs, pubis knee joint

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19
Q

Appositional growth

A

produced directly underneath (growth from without)

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20
Q

Interstitial growth

A

-produced inside matrix from and spans out (growth from within)

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21
Q

Covering membrane of bone vs cartilage

A

Bone: periosteum
Cart: perichondrium

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22
Q

Vasculature of bone vs cartilage

A

Bone: vascular and innervated
Cart: neither

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23
Q

Shape classifications of bones and ex of each

A

-short: talus
-long: femur
-flat: sternum
-irregular: vertebra

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24
Q

Two skeletal system differentiations (types)

A

-appendicular
-axial

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25
tuberosity
-large rounded projection -rough attatchment site for muscles -ex: deltoid tuberosity
26
Trochanter
large blunt process (on femur only)
27
Line
narrow ridge on a bone
28
Tubercle
small rounded projection on a process
29
Epicondyle
-raised area above a condyle
30
spine
sharp slender often pointed projection
31
process
any bony prominence
32
head
bony expansion on a narrow neck
33
facet
smooth nearly flat surfac
34
condyle
rounded articular projection often w fossa
35
Groove
furrow
36
fissure
slit
37
foramen/ foramina
round opening
38
notch
indentation at edge
39
meatus
canal passageway
40
sinus
cavity within a bone filled w air and lined w a mucous membrane
41
fossa
shallow basin like depression
42
diaphysis
middle of bone
43
episphysis
ends of bone
44
epiphyseal plate/line
plate: cartilage area that allows bone to grow line: fully bone remenant of plate
45
periosteum
covers all area of bones except joints (where bones meet)
46
WHAT ARE THE TWO layers of the periosteum
-fibrous layer -osteogenic layer
47
fibrous layer of the periosteum
dense irregular connective tissue
48
osteogenic layer of the periosteum
contains osteogenic cells, involved in forming new bone
49
What are the components of the osteogenic layer of the periosteum
-osteogenic cells -osteoblasts -osteoclasts -nutrient foramina -perforating fibers
50
nutrient foramina
holes that allow nutrients/vessels into bone cavity
51
perforating fibers
provide support/connection -dense in areas of attachment
52
endosteum
lines medullary cavity
53
yellow marrow
in the middle of medullary cavity (fatty/triglycerides)
54
hematopoetic tissue (red marrow)
in spongy bone, involved in formation of blood cells
55
osteogenic cells
stem cells
56
osteoblasts
synthesizes protein portion of matrix
57
osteocytes
mature bone cell, maintains and monitors bone matrix
58
osteoclasts
bone resorbing
59
what are the two components of the osteoid?
-organic/protein portion -hydroxyapatites
60
organic portion
made and secreted by osteoblasts -1/3 of the matrix -ground substance (collagen 90%)
61
hydroxyapatites
-inorganic portion -2/3 of matrix -calcium phosphate granules (hydroxyapatites)
62
Two tissue types in bone
-spongy bone -compact bone
63
characteristics of compact bone
-dense -passageways needed -osteons
64
components of osteons
-lamellae -central (haversian canal) -perforating (Volkman's canals) -lacunae -osteocytes -canaliculi
65
osteon
structural feature that you find in compact bone that helps deliever nutrients to cells)
66
lamellae
layers of tissue that surround central canal
67
central (haversian) canal
contains blood supply
68
Perforating (Volkmann's) canals
allow blood supply to other areas
69
Lacunae
holds osetocytes
70
canaliculi
fine tiny canals that connect everything
71
Characteristics of spongy bone
-osteocytes -lacunae -canaliculi -no osteons -red marrow -trabecular -diploë
72
Two types of bone development/osteogenesis/ ossification
-intramembranous -endochondrial
73
intramembranous ossification
-starts w hyaline cartilage, beings ab nine weeks into fetal development -two ossification centers -forms neck down bones
74
intramembranous ossification
-immature connective tissue (fibrous membrane) -multiple ossification centers develop simultaneously -forms flat bones and clavicle
75
Where does interstitial growth in bones occur?
-at the growth plates
76
Directional difference in growth during interstitial bone growth?
-epiphysis side: forms cartilage -diaphysis side: forms bone
77
Zones during bone growth
Resting Zone: near epiphysis -Proliferation: cartilage cells undergo mitosis -Hypertrophic: older cartilage cells enlarge -calcification: matrix becomes calcified, cartilage cells die, matrix begin deteriorating -ossification: new bone is forming
78
Where does appositional growth occur on bone?
on the sides
79
two techniques in bone remodeling
-deposition and resorption
80
deposition
osteoblasts form the osteoid
81
resorption
osteoclasts secrete acid (breaks up calcium and PO4) and lysosomal enzymes (break up collagen)
82
Chnages of deposition/resorption during life
-child; DEP> resorp -30s: Dep= resorp -60s: Dep < resorp
83
nondisplaced fracture
-bone ends are not out of place
84
displaced
bone ends are out of place
85
complete
all the way thru
86
incomplete
not all the way thru
87
open (compound)
skin broken
88
closed (simple)
-skin not broken
89
Comminuted
broken into three or more piees (shattered)
90
compression
bone is crushed/dented
91
spiral
ragged break due to twisting
92
epiphyseal
epiphysis separates from diaphysis along plate
93
depressed
pressed inward
94
greenstick
one side break
95
Stages of repair during bone breakage
-hematoma: blood pooling -fibrocartilage callus forms -bony callus forms (gradually replaces (fcc) -bone remodeling
96
growth hormone
-comes from anterior pituitary glands
97
hypothalmus role in growth hormone
controls release
98
estrogen/ testosterone
-stimulate growth spurts and closure of growth plates
99
parathyroid hormone
-comes from parathyroid glands -maintains calcium homeostasis (raises calcium)
100
calcitonin
comes from parafolicular cells in thyroid gland -decreases blood Ca in large (prescription) amounts
101
importance of calcium
it helps w bone formation
102
PTH
secreted when there is a drop in blood calcium
103
Acromegally
results from an excess of growth hormone after the epiphyseal plate closes
104
Gigantism
occurs from an excess of growth hormone before the epiphyseal plate closes
105
Dwarfism
hyposecretion of growth hormone
106
osteoporosis
loss of bone mass, bone becomes more porous.
107
What are the structural classifications of joints
-fibrous -cartilagenous -synovial
108
fibrous joint
fixed joint, collagen fibers connect two bones
109
suture
joints held tg w short interconecting fibers -amphiarthrosis
110
syndesmoses
joint held by a ligament -amphiarthrosis
111
types of fibrous joints
sutures syndesmoses gomphoses
112
gomphoses
"peg in socket" fibrous joint -synathrosis
113
Cartilagenous joint
bones are completely joined by cartilage
114
Types of cartilagenous joints
synchondroses symphases
115
synchondrosis
bones are joined by hyaline cartilage -synathrosis
116
symphyses
bones are joined by fibrocart -amphiarthrosis
117
Synovial joint
joins bones w cartilage -diathrosis
118
Plane joint
-flat articular surfaces -nonaxial, gliding movement
119
Hinge joint
-cylinder and trough -uniaxial movement -flexion and extension
120
Pivot joint
sleeve and axle -uniaxial movement -rotation
121
Condylar joint
-Oval articular surfaces -biaxial movement -flexion and extension/ adduction and abduction
122
Saddle Joint
-concave and convex -biaxial movement -adduction and abduction/ flexion and extension
123
Ball and Socket Joint
-multiaxial movement -Cup and ball -F and E -ABD and ADD -Rotation
124
Gliding
sliding motion
125
flexion
decreasing the angle between two bones
126
extension
increasing bone angle
127
abduction
moving a limb away from the body midline in the frontal plane
128
adduction
moving a lib toward the midline
129
circumduction
cone shape
130
rotation
turning a bone
131
medial roattaion
turning toward median plane
132
HYPEREXTENSION
moving past usual line backwards
133
opposition
touching thumb to digits
134
supination/pronation
turning palm
135
dorsiflexium
curling up toes
136
plantar flexion
lifting up heel
137
inversion
turning toward midline
138
eversion
turn (ankle) away from midline
139
bursa
reduce friction
140
skull joint
cranial and facial bones -fibrous, suture synathrosis
141
temporomandibular
temporal bone and mandible -synovial, modified hinge -diathrotic
142
intervetebral joint
between adjacent vetebral bodies -cartilagenous, symphysis -amphi
143
sternoclavicular
sternum and clavicle -synovial (shallow saddle) -diarthrosis
144
glenohumoral
-scapula and humerus -synovial (ball and socket) -diarthrosis
145
proximal radioulnar
-radius and ulna -synovial, pivot, dia
146
distal radioulnar
-rafius and ulna -synovial, pivot, dia
147
wrist joint
-radius and proximal carpals -synovial, condylarm dia
148
pubic symphis joint
pubic bones -cartilagenous, symphysis -amphi
149
coxal joint
hip bone and femur -synovial, ball and socket, dia
150
tibiofemoral
femur and tibia -synovial (modified hinge), dia
151
femoralpatellar
-synovial, plane, dia
152
ankle joint
tibia and fibula w talus -synovial hinge, dia
153

Anatomy (8 decks)

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