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FINALLL Flashcards

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1
Q

sulci

A

small grooves (divides into lobes)

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2
Q

gyri

A

top of hill

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3
Q

fissure

A

deep groove

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4
Q

ceberal dominance

A

one side of brain may be better at things than other

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5
Q

four regions of the brain

A

cerebral hemispheres
diencephalon
brainsteam
cerebellum

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6
Q

what region of the brain makes up the majority of the brains mass?

A

Cerebral hemispheres (83%)

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7
Q

Define and describe the ventricles

A

-ventricles are CSF-cavities in the brain
-continuous with one another and the central canal.

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8
Q

describe cerebral hemispheres

A

-surface is convoluted
Gyri: hill
Sulci: shallow groove
Fissure: deep groove

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9
Q

List the two fissures of the brain

A

-longitudinal fissure: separates hemispheres (falx cerebri)
-transverse cerebral fissure: cerebrum from cerebellum (transverse plane)

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10
Q

three sulci of the brain

A

central sulcus: divides F and P
-parietal-occipital: divides P and O
lateral: divides T from F and P

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11
Q

lobes of the cerebrum

A

-parietal
-temporal
-frontal
-occipital
-insula

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12
Q

describe cerebral cortex

A

-thin but very packed in, exclusively gray matter
-40% of total brain mass
-convoluted

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13
Q

what are the motor areas of the cortex and what lobe are they in

A

-primary motor cortex: frontal
-premotor cortex: frontal
-brocas area: frontal
-frontal eye fielf: frontal

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14
Q

function of each motor area

A

-primary motor cortex: voluntary skeletal movement, pyramidal tracts and cells
-premotor cortex: muscle memory, skilled motor activities
-brocas area: controls motor aspect of speech
-frontal eye field: controls what direction mucles move eyes in so you don’t have to think ab it

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15
Q

Provide the specific location of the primary motor cortex

A

-precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe

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16
Q

what fissure separates the two hemispheres of the brain

A

longitudinal fissure

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17
Q

what is the homonculus

A

how sensitive body areas are or how much control you have over
particular skeletal muscles

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18
Q

sensory areas of the cortex and what lobe

A

-primary somatosensory cortex: parietal
-somatosensory association area: parietal
-primary visual cortex: occipital
-visual association cortex: occipital
-primary auditory cortex: temporal
Auditory association area: temporal
vestibular cortex: parietal
Olfactory cortex: temporal
Gustatory cortex: insula
-visceral sensoryr area: insula

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19
Q

function of the sensory areas

A

-primary somatosensory cortex: skin sensations perceptions
-somatosensory association area: recognizes what we touched
-primary visual cortex: perception of visual cues
-visual association cortex: determines WHAT we saw
-primary auditory cortex: heard something
Auditory association area: WHAT did we hear
vestibular cortex: spatial orientation and self-motion perception
Olfactory cortex: smell
Gustatory cortex: taste
-visceral sensoryr area: sensory info from organs

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20
Q

location of the primary somatosensory cortex

A

Primary somatosensory cortex: postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe

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21
Q

primary vs association areas

A

Primary: info from sensory receptor to brain, perception of sense
Association: recognition after landing in the primary region
-receives synapse signals

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22
Q

association areas

A

-somatsensory
-visual
-auditory
-prefornal complex
-language areas
-multimodal association areas

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23
Q

commissural fibers

A

connect one area of hemisphere to other

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24
Q

association fibers

A

connect gyrus to gyrus

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25
projection fibers
connect area of cerebellum to other parts of the brain
26
example or commissural fiber
corpus callosum
27
example of projection fibers
corona radiata
28
function of basal nuclei
-gray matter areas inside the white matter that help coordinate activities (starting/stopping intensity)
29
components of basal nuclei
-striatum: caudate nucleus, puamen -globus pallidus
30
three regions of diencephalon
thalamus hypothalamus epithalamus
31
functions of each area of the diencephalon
Thalamus: relay sensory info, gateway to cortex, cortical arousal/alertness, part of RAS, learning and memory Hypothalamus: visceral and autonomic control center, limbi system/emotional response, temp regulation, satiety center, hunger center, osmoregulation, sleep/wake cycles, endocrine control (pituitary gland) epithalamus: melatonin production
32
role of Reticular activating system and thalmus role
-info goes to thalmus before cortex, except for smell - Prepares cortex to make sure it is ready to receive info -filters out repetitive things
33
corona radiata and thalamus part of what
RAS
34
what is located around the walls of the third ventricle
thalamus
35
what is located in the epithalamus
pineal gland, secretes melatonin
36
three regions of the brain stem
midbrain pons medulla oblongata
37
cerebellar penducles
tract of neurons that connect the brainstem and other parts Midbrain-> cerebellum: superior cebrebral peduncles Pons -> cerebellum: middle cerebral peduncles Medulla oblongata -> cerebellum: inferior cerebral peduncles
38
componnets of midbrain
superor cerebellar peduncles -substantia nigra corpora quadrigemina
39
conponents of the corpora quadrigemina
superior colliculi (visual stimulus) inferior colliculi: atuditory stimus
40
PONS COMPINNETS
Mddle cerebellar peduncles -pneumotaxic center
41
functions of the medulla
-cardiovascular center, respitroy center, vomiting center, hiccupping center, swallowing center -coughing center sneezing
42
what dvides the two halves of the cerebellum
vermis
43
cerebellum componnets
transverse cerebral fissue tentorium cerebelli vermis arbor vitae
44
arbor vitae
white mater that looks like tree in cerebellum
45
function of limbic system
emotion and memory
46
components of the limbic system
cingulate gyrus, hippocampus amygdala thymus, hypothalamus
47
four things that protect the brain
cranium meninges dural septa dural sinuses
48
meningeal layers in order
dura mater arachoid mater pia mater
49
what is inbetween the dura and aracnoid mater
subdural space
50
what is between he arachnoid and pia mater
subaracnoud space
51
what forms dural sinuses
the dura seperates into two layers
52
dural sinus is associated with what
longitudinal fissue and transverse fissure
53
falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli are extensions of the dura mater that serves to reduce friction between the two cerebral hemispheres and between the cerebrum and cerebellum, respectively
54
function of CSF
Helps optimize ion concentration, and reduces brain weight, fills ventricles and enters the subarachnoid space -> arachnoid villi, -> sinuses -> internal jugular
55
CSF is formed from
blood by ependymal cells lining specialized blood capillaries, called the choroid plexus
56
basic CSF info
Understand that CSF then fills the ventricles and circulates through the ventricles and down the spinal cord Understand that CSF returns to venous circulation by entering the dural sinuses Understand that CSF is produced continually and therefore must be removed at an equal pace, otherwise fluid pressure would build up within the confines of the cranium causing damage to nerves and activities of the brain
57
blood brain barrier function
Protects the brain from elements, blood-borne pathogens, bacteria and viruses
58
what helps form the bloof brai barrier
astrocytes
59
order of meninges
-epidural space dura matter subdural space arachnoid dmater, subarachnoid space pia mater
60
function of filum terminal
band of connectivetissue that hold the spinal cord down
61
Describe a lumbar puncture including specific location and fluid being extracted
In the subarachnoid space between L4 and l5 (don’t wanna damage spinal cord)
62
ascending tracts have hwta prefix and travel what where
spino- carry sensory info to brain
63
descenidng tracts have what prefix and carry what where
spinal carry motor info from brain
64
dorsal vs ventral roots
- dorsal root: sensory info from the body to the spinal cord, -ventral root: motor info from the spinal cord to the body.
65
what horns are somatic/autonomic in
somatic: ventral horn autonomic: lateral horn
66
dorsak root gnglion
collection of cell bodies of sensory eurons
67
name of opening in vetebral colum where spinal cord is located
vetebral foramen
68
name of openings etween succesive vetebrs through which spina l nerevs ecit te column
neural formania
69
sensory receptors do what
provide sensation info for PNS
70
stimulus intensity is transmitted by frequency of action potentials rather than by changing speed of action potential
71
types of recetors based upon stimuus types
-mechano: ex: sense of hearing -thermo: ex: in skin -photo: rods and cones in eyes -chemo: food in mouth -noci: pain tolerance Body location
72
types of sensory recetors based on body location
-exteroreceptors: special senses -interoreceptors: organ receptors -proprioreceptors: skeletal muscles, tendons, joints
73
tyoes of sensory recetors based on stracture
-free nonencapsulated nerve ending: thermoreceptors -encapsualted: lamellar(pressure)
74
idek a this tbh
Vision: photoreceptors, exteroreceptors, modified neruons, optic nerve, primary visual cortex or the occipital lobe of the cerebrum Smell: chemoreceptor, exteroreceptors, olfactory nerve, primary olfactorycortex of the parietal lobe of the cerebrum Taste: chemoreceptor, exteroreceptor, glosso idek, gustatory cortex insula lobe of the cerebrum -sound: mechanoreceptor, exteroreceptor, vestibulococlear, primary auditory cortex of thr parietal lobe of the cerebrum
75
endonuerium
surrounds individual nerve fibers
76
perinuerium
surrounds fascile
77
epinuerium
surrouns entire nerve
78
cranial nerves and what do they do
I: olfactory: transmit smell II: optic: transmit visual III: oculomotor: extrinsic eye muscle: ciliary muscles and iris muscles IV: trochlear: extrinsic eye muscles (superior oblique) V: trigeminal: chewing and skin sensations, largest cranial nerve VI: abducens: extrinsic eye muscles (lateral rectus) VII: facial: facial expression, taste sensations VIII: vestibulocochlear: hearing, sensitivity of receptors IX: glossopharyngeal: saliva, swallowing, taste X: vagus: parasympathetic nerve, taste XI: accessory: swallowing, head movement XII: hypoglossal: movement of tongue, chewing and swallowing.
79
just memorize this pls
Cervical plexus Phrenic nerve: Only nerve to diaphragm, Essential for breathing Brachial plexus: Axillary, musculocutaneous, and median Ulnar nerve Radial nerve Pectoral nerve Lumbar plexus Femoral nerve Thigh flexors and knee extensors (quadriceps) Obturator nerve Thigh adductors Sacral plexus Sciatic nerve: Common fibular Tibial nerve: Longest, thickest nerve in the body
80
ventral vs dorsal INNERVATION
ventral ramus innervates the skin and muscle on the anterior aspect of the trunk, while the posterior/dorsal ramus innervates the post-vertebral muscles and the skin of the back.
81
four nerve plexuses
Cervical, lumbar, brachial, sacral
82
Realize that rami are branches of the spinal nerves and that dorsal rami serve the posterior structures and ventral rami serve the anterior structures Recognize that ventral rami of most nerves form plexuses, provide examples of exceptions (T2-T12)
83
components of the reflex arc
-receptor -sensory neuron -integration center -motor neuron -effector
84
stretch reflex
Stimulus: stretch Receotor: muscle spindles -one muscle initiates reflex (monosynaptic) -alpha and somatic motor neuron -effector: muscle that initiates reflex Result: contraction of muscle
85
deep tendon reflex
Stimulus: increased tension due to contraction Receptor: golgi tendon organs, proprioceptor mechano -two musckes initiating (disynaptic, one needs to turn off) -somatic motor neuron -effector: muscle initiating reflex -result: relaxation
86
somatic vs autonomic
Somatic: -targets skeletalmuscle -one neuron between spinal cord and target -ventral horns (gray matter of spinal cord) -acetylcholine -always excitatory -voluntary Autonomic: -targets: smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands -two neurons between spinal cord and target (preganglionic and postganglionic <- unmyelinated) -lateral horns of gray matter in spinal cord -involuntary -excit or inhib
87
divisions fo autonomic
Parasympatheti: - -one long preganglionic, and one short postganglionic - Cell bodies in CNS in brain stem and sacral region - Acetylcholine - -rest and digest Sympathetic: - -one short preganglionic (acetylcholine), and one long postganglionic (norepinephrine) - -fight or flight - Ganglia is closer to spinal cord
88
taste
chemoreceptor and exteroreceptor, modfied epithelial cells location: in the taste buds of the tongue
89
transmission lines of taste
facial nerve glossopharyngeal nerve vagus nerve
90
target of the cerebral cortex
gustatory cortex of insula
91
smell receptors
chemoreecptors, exteroceptors, modified neurons location: respitory epithelium of the nasal cavity and cribiform plate of ethmoid bone target in brain: olfactory cortex of the temporal
92
transmission lines of smell
olfactory bulb olfactory nerve
93
vision receptors
photoreceptors, exteroceptors, modifie neurons location: retina target: visual cortex of the occipital
94
transmission lines of vision
optic nerve optic chiasma macula lutea optic disc
95
hearing receptors
mechano, extero, modified epithelial cells called hair cells location: organ or corti target: auditory cortex of the temporal lobe
96
transmission lines of hearing
cochlear nerve of vestibulocochlear nerve
97
balance receptors
-mechanoreceptors, exterorecetors, modified epitheia cells location: inner ear target: parietal lobe
98
transmission lines of balance
vestibulocochlear nerve
99
what are the two muscle layers of the iris
-sphincter: circular (get smaller and contrict) parasympathetic fibers release acetylcholine -dilator pupillae: contract to dilate -Sympathetic fibers release norepinephrine
100
movement of light wave
-cornea -> pupil -> lens (focuses light back to the macula lutea -phobia centralis)
101
intrinsic eye muscles
circular radial ciliary
102
role of ciliary muscles in accomodation
They focus an image by chaging the shape of the lens contracting and relaxing
103
accomodation
can keep something in focus whilst moving
104
emmetropia
perfect vision
105
myopia
cant see far awat, eyeball too long
106
hyperopia
cant see close, eyeball too short
107
presbyopia
loss of near focus, usually w age loss of elasticity
108
extrinsic, extraocular muscles
Medial rectus: moves inward, oculomotor Lateral rectus: moves outward, abducens Superior rectus: elevates and inward rotates, oculomotor Inferior rectus: depresses and outward rotates, oculomotor Superior oblique: depress and outward rotates, trochlear Inferior oblique elevates and inward rotate, oculomotor
109
optic disc
-blind spot where optic nerves enter and blood vessels -lack of photoreceptors
110
fovea centralis
center of macula, neural layer has been pulled away and gives crispy clear vision
111
photoreceptors
Specialized cells that detect light and convert into elecetric -rods and cones
112
rods vs cones
rods: gray tones, night vision cones: color vision, day vision
113
location of rods and cones in retina
rods: peripheral retina cones: central retina
114
phototransduction
a process where light entering the eye triggers a molecular reaction. This reaction involves the rod cells in the retina, which convert light into neural impulses.

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