Exam 1 Flashcards
(94 cards)
1
Q
Anatomy is
A
the study of body structures
2
Q
Gross anatomy
A
large structures
3
Q
macroanatomy
A
visible to the naked eye
4
Q
microanatomy
A
requires microscope to observe
5
Q
Cytology
A
study of cells
6
Q
Histology
A
study of tissues
7
Q
Regional anatomy
A
within a region, like thorax
8
Q
Systemic anatomy
A
all structures making up a body system- like skeleton
9
Q
Homeostasis
A
maintaining steady state
10
Q
Structural organization of the body
A
chemical
cellular
tissue
organ
organ system
organism
11
Q
Metabolism
A
changes food into energy
12
Q
anabolism
A
builds
13
Q
catabolism
A
breaks down
14
Q
Differentiation
A
cells become specialized/functional
15
Q
Growth
A
increase in size
16
Q
hyperplasia
A
proliferation, increase cell number
17
Q
hypertrophy
A
increase in cell size
18
Q
deposition
A
of extracellular material, minerals in bone, connective tissue
19
Q
Requirements for life
A
Oxygen
Water
Energy
Micronutrients
Narrow range of temperature
narrow range of atmospheric pressure
20
Q
Negative feed back loop
A
reverses change
stimulus- sensor- control- effector
21
Q
Positive feed back loop
A
snowball effect
example- birth
22
Q
Homeohesis
A
the orchestrated or coordinated control in metabolism of body tissues necessary to support a physiological state
23
Q
Sagittal plane
A
divides left vs right sides
24
Q
Frontal plane
A
divides the anterior (front) from posterior (rear)
25
Transverse plane
divides upper vs lower
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pleural cavity
surrounds the lungs
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pericardium
surrounds the heart
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peritoneum
surrounds organs in the abdominal cavity
29
Serous membranes
serosa
thin membranes that cover organs
30
Isotopes
each of two or more forms of the same element that contain equal numbers of protons but different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei, and hence differ in relative atomic mass but not in chemical properties
31
Types of isotopes
radioactive
stable
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radioactive isotopes
decay causing radiation=detectable
33
Stable Isotopes
don't decay but can be detected by mass spectrometry
used as markers
34
3 types of reactions
synthesis
decomposition
exchange
35
Synthesis
make something from ingredients
36
decomposition
destroy something
37
exchange
combined decomposition and synthesis
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Inorganic
mostly lack carbon; always lack carbon and hydrogen
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organic
carbon containing
40
key inorganics
water
salts
acids and bases
41
Acids
donate H+ in solution
42
Bases
donate OH- in solution, or accept H+ in solution
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pH
negative base 10 of the H+ ion concentration
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buffers
solution of weak acid and its conjugate base
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Acidosis
lower than normal pH
46
Alkalosis
higher than normal pH
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Bicarbonate buffering system
carbon dioxide and water added to carbonic acid results in bicarbonate and hydrogen ion
buffer system in the regulation of plasma pH
48
Key organic compounds
carbs
lipids
proteins
nucleotides
49
Monomers
single molecule
50
Oligomers
few molecules
51
Polymers
many molecules
52
Carbohydrates functions
energy storage, especially glucose polymers
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two types of lipids
saturated
unsaturateds
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saturated lipids
linear, higher melting point
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unsaturated lipids
kinked chain, more fluid
56
Functions of proteins
structural
hormonal
buffers
transport electrolytes
bind water
bind carbs
energy source
57
Lipids nomenclature- delta system
carbons counted from the carboxyl end
#carbons, #double bonds, #carbons from carboxyl end to 1st carbon in the closest double bond
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Omega system
carbons counted from the methyl end
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Two types of nucleotides
purines
pyrimidines
60
Nucleoside
sugar and a base
61
nucleotide
nucleoside and phosphate
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Cell membrane components
phospholipid bilayer
cholesterol
embedded proteins
63
ICF
intracellular fluid
64
ECF
extracellular fluid
65
IF
interstitial fluid
66
Integral proteins
proteins stuck in the membrane
67
Peripheral proteins
on inside or outside of the cell, may attach to integral proteins
68
Types of integral proteins
channel proteins
receptors
glycoproteins
69
The cell membrane is
selectively permeable
70
Types of transport
passive
-diffusion
-facilitated transport/diffusion
active-requires energy
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Osmosis
the transport of water through the membrane
72
Filtration
a biological/ chemical or physical operation that results in the separation of solid matter from a liquid – by letting the mixture pass through a filter
73
Hydrostatic pressure
flows form high to lower pressure
74
In hydrostatic pressure the arterial side is ____ and the venous side is ______
higher pressure
lower pressure
75
Active transport requires ____ to move materials _____ the concentration gradient
ATP/energy
against
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Sodium-potassium pump
Na+/K+ ATPase
pumps 3 Na+ out and 2 K+ in
77
Secondary active transport
transport of a solute in the direction of its increasing electrochemical potential coupled to the facilitated diffusion of a second solute (usually an ion) in the direction of its decreasing electrochemical potential
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Symporters
move 2 molecules in the same direction
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antiporters
move 2 molecules in the opposite direction
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Endocytosis
a cellular process by which the extracellular materials or cargo are transported into intracellular compartments by a series of pathways followed by the formation of vesicles
81
Exocytosis
opposite of endocytosis
start in a membrane bound vesicle and secreted out of the cell
82
Endomembrane system
Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes
83
Organelles for energy production and detoxification
mitochondria
peroxisomes
84
Cytoskeleton components
microtubules
microfilaments
intermediate filaments
85
Endoplasmic reticulum
membrane bound channels, continuous with nuclear membrane
Two types rough and smooth
86
Job of rough ER
covered with ribosomes that participate in protein synthesis
87
job of smooth ER
lacks ribosomes participates in lipid synthesis
88
Golgi apparatus
stack of membranes-cisternae
with two sides that sorts, modifies, and sends vesicles to their target site
cis=receives vesicles from ER
trans= releases new vesicles
89
Lysosomes
large vesicles containing hydrolytic enzymes
90
Autophagy
self eating
destroy damaged organelles
91
phago-lysosomes
phagocytized material vesicle fuses with lysosomes= killing chamber
92
Autolysis
cell self-destruction
digested from the inside out
93
Mitochondria
organelle with and outer and inner membrane
-highly folded=more surface area
contain DNA
site of cellular respiration
94
