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Physiology of Domestic Animals II > Factors Affecting Growth Lecture > Flashcards

Factors Affecting Growth Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

Animals grow according to interactions between

A

genes they inherit and the environmental factors they are exposed to

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2
Q

Genotypic factors affecting growth

A

species
breed
sex

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3
Q

environmental factors affecting growth

A

stress
nutrition
disease
activity

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4
Q

Heredity

A

process of passing along genes from one generation to the next

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5
Q

Genetic differences come about through

A

evolution which results from selection of mutations that arise in genes

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6
Q

Genotype refers to

A

unique set of genes that an animal possesses in its genome

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7
Q

Heritability values

A

reflect the ability of the animal to pass a particular trait to the next generation

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8
Q

H>0.5

A

highly heritable trait

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9
Q

0.2<H<0.5

A

moderately heritable trait

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10
Q

H<0.2

A

low heritable trait

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11
Q

Traits associated with carcass composition are

A

moderately heritable

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12
Q

Species

A

refers to organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring

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13
Q

Growth between species varies in

A

deposition of different tissues
relative proportion of each body part

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14
Q

Relative distribution of muscle main points

A

wild species have greater % of muscle located in upper portion of hind legs- enhances speed and agility
Domesticated ruminants- greater proportion in abdominal muscles for extensive rumen

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15
Q

Species muscle distribution of pigs

A

increased muscles around spinal column-used for rooting action

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16
Q

Ruminants have increased muscle in

A

front legs to bear weight associated with grazing for long periods of time
abdominal muscle for rumen

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17
Q

Breeds

A

within a species, breeders have placed selection pressure on different traits that have led to many different breeds

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18
Q

To determine frame size a _____ is given for a particular age range

A

frame score

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19
Q

Large framed cattle reach heavier weights at a given __________ maturity

A

compositional or physiological

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20
Q

Large framed cattle take longer to

A

reach mature weight
later maturing animals

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21
Q

Small framed animals grow

A

quickly
early maturing

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22
Q

At the same chronological age large-framed animals are physiologically ____ than small-framed animals

A

younger

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23
Q

If comparisons are made at the same chronological age or same weight, later maturing animals are _____, while earlier maturing animals are ______ and more physiologically mature

A

leaner
fatter

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24
Q

If cattle are compared at the same physiological or compositional endpoint they are considered

A

compositionally equivalent

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25
Selection for muscle is _____ related to milk production
inversely
26
Animals used for milk are less
muscular
27
Selection has not changes muscle
distribution
28
Selection for muscle is ______ related to wool production
inversely
29
meat breeds of sheep have superior conformation as measured by ____
muscle:bone ratios amount of meat per unit of bone
30
Wool breeds are _____ framed
larger
31
Selection for muscle is _______ related to ability to conceive and produce milk for young
inversely
32
Intact males are capable of higher ____ than castrates and females
body weights
33
Intact males attain compositional maturity at ____ chronological ages than castrates and females
later
34
Intact females mature ______ of sex classes, whereas castrates are _____
earliest intermediate
35
exception to females being early and castrates being intermediate
Pigs gilts mature later and reach heavier weights than barrows
36
Intact males have ____ proportion of muscle located in forequarter, specifically in neck and thorax
greater
37
increased _____ binding receptors are why intact males have greater proportion of muscle located in forequarter
androgen
38
females have increased proportion of muscle in
pelvic limb and abdominal wall
39
Males have large muscle fiber _____ than females and castrates
diameters
40
Estrogen stimulates ________
epiphyseal plate closure so males tend to be taller- long bones grow more before closure
41
Both estrogens and androgens in crease
periosteal bone growth (bone thickening) but androgen more-males have thicker bones than females
42
Why do females fatten sooner
decreased long bone growth due to increased estrogen muscle growth starts to decrease and more nutrients available for fat
43
Growth and development depends on the levels of essential nutrients in the diet including
Fatty acids amino acids carbs vitamins minerals
44
Consuming nutrients in excess of maintenance requirements allows for
growth production reproduction
45
balance of nutrients consumed determines the
composition of growth
46
Nutrient requirements
maintenance requirements growth requirements production requirements
47
Nutrient partitioning
utilization of nutrients is partitioned among various tissues and organs according to their physiological importance
48
Highest priority to lowest priority for nutrient partitioning
Organ systems- nervous, circulatory, respiratory, digestive, repro Tissues-skeleton, muscle, adipose Adipose deposition- mesenteric, perirenal, subcutaneous or intermuscular, intramuscular
49
Conditions of altered nutrient partitioning
pregnancy transition from non-lactating to lactating
50
Types of energy balance
positive- nutrients are plentiful negative- intake not sufficient to meet needs
51
compensatory growth
animal's growth after a period of nutritional stress rate of growth is often greater than exhibited by a genetically identical animal during normal growth
52
how are abnormally high growth rates achieved so that nutritionally compromised animals can catch up
low basal metabolism during nutrient restriction due to decreased visceral weight increased feed intake during realimentation contributes to increased growth
53
Nutrient restriction can be severe enough to
delay catch-up period
54
Very severe starvation can _______ growth
permanently stunt enhances onset of fattening
55
Nutrient restriction ____ in growth can result in _____ effects, which are greatest on ________ and less on _______
early long-lasting early maturing (bone) late maturing (fat)
56
___ and ____ must be considered together when discussing dietary protein
quantity quality
57
dietary protein is more important in what type of animals
monogastric
58
Diets with sufficient energy but insufficient protein for tissue deposition results in
increased fat deposition
59
Muscle protein accretion rates vary between
breeds, sexes and with physical activity and growth enhancers
60
Animals with increased muscle protein accretion rates that require more protein include
genetically selected animals working animals males hormone
61
energy is required for
maintenance and for growth of new tissue
62
Energy required for maintenance _____ with size
increases
63
Optimal energy levels for food animals can be determined by
increasing dietary energy intake to a point where lean muscle gain is maximized
64
when energy is partitioned to fat it
reduced feed conversion
65
Energy requirements for growth depends on
genetics sex class of animal location on growth curve hormone treatments for growth enhancement
66
Animals contain _____ microbial cells than animal cells
>10x
67
What improves growth rate and feed efficiency when concerning microorganisms
better sanitation
68
Why does exposure to microbes result in reduced performance
nutrient and energy cost of immune response required to protect against microbes takes resources away from growth
69
Breeding for growth and performance has ______ against immunity
inversely selected
70
strategies to limit the effect of microorganisms on growth and performance
high level biosecurity for farms feeding diets that contain sufficient nutrients to maintain a healthy immune system vaccinations antibiotic treatments to reduce bacterial load
71
Old way to use antibiotics
added at very low concentrations to animal diets as growth promoters
72
what has negated the effects of antibiotics for pig performance
modern hygiene and management practices
73
Physical and social stresses significantly affect the
hypothalmo-pituitary-adrenal axis
74
chronically stressed animals suffer from elevated circulating concentrations of
glucocorticoids that inhibit growth
75
transportation stress includes
temperature and wind novel social group absence of feed and water motions
76
Housing stress is associated with
introducing new animals into a new social order so that a new social hierarchy needs to be established
77
Type of housing that reduces stress on animals
specific-stress-free housing
78
rearing animals in groups from weaning to slaughter results in
reduced injuries and improved growth
79
Physical activity is
any body movement that works your muscles and requires more energy than resting
80
It requires what to move muscles and supply oxygen
energy
81
Available energy reserves
body fat muscle fat muscle carbs liver carbs
82
Energy supply for short term exercise (8-10 seconds)
phosphagen system
83
Source for phosphagen system
ATP in muscle
84
Energy supply for medium exercise (1.3-1.6 minutes)
Glycogen-lactic acid system
85
Source for glycogen-lactic acid sysstem
muscle and liver glycogen converted to glucose and then lactic acid for anaerobic respiration
86
Energy supply for long term exercise
aerobic respiration
87
source for aerobic respiration
complete oxidation of glucose and fatty acids from muscle, liver and adipose
88
How does physical activity impact muscle protein synthessis
resistance exercise increases protein synthesis endurance exercise may decrease synthesis if insufficient dietary energy and protein is available
89
How does exercise impact bone
increases bone mass, density and size
90
Exercise before maturity does what to bone mass
increases peak
91
Exercise induces release of what
GH and IGF-1
92
GH is secreted in a
pulsatile fashion after exercise
93
Amount of GH release depends on
exercise intensity
94
GH release with exercise is greatest in ______ and can significantly impact _______
adolescence body size and composition
95
After middle age exercise induces
much less GH

Physiology of Domestic Animals II (10 decks)

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