Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
what does vertebrate translate to
A
animal with metameric skeletal elements supporting a dorsal hollow nerve cord
2
Q
what does anatomy translate to
A
anatomia, structure, morphology
3
Q
what is metamerism
A
repeating units
4
Q
what is one flaw in the word vertebrate
A
hagfish dont have vertebrae
5
Q
what does anatomia translate to
A
cutting up or dissection
6
Q
what is interspecific
A
between species
7
Q
what is intraspecific
A
within species
8
Q
give an example of interspecific
A
locomotion and bipedalism of humans versus gorillas
9
Q
give an example of intraspecific
A
the different kinds of vertebrae in a human
10
Q
what is the inominate bone
A
ilium + ischium + pubis
11
Q
what are the three subphyla of the chordates
A
cephalochordata, urochordata, vertebrata
12
Q
what is found within the urochordata
A
tunicates (sea squirts)
13
Q
what is found within the cephalochordata
A
amphioxious (lancelets)
14
Q
a vertebrate is a deuterostome, what does this mean
A
it refers to the anus being formed first from the blastopore during development
15
Q
what is an example of a hemichordate
A
acord worm
16
Q
what is osteology
A
the study of bones
17
Q
what is a craniate
A
an organism that possesses a cranium (bone or cartilage)
18
Q
what are the three classes in subphylum urochordata
A
ascidiacea, larvaceae, thaliaceae
19
Q
what subphylum has their notochord only in the tail
A
urochordates
20
Q
what subphylum has notocord in head and tail
A
cephalochordates
21
Q
what are the 5 chordate features
A
notochord, dorsal hollow nerve chord, pharyngeal openings, post anal tail, endostyle
22
Q
what is a notochord
A
endoskeletal structure
23
Q
what is the dorsal hollow nerve chord
A
main nerve chord of the body, anteriorily forms the brain
24
Q
what is the function of the post anal tail
A
generally used for locomotion or balance
25
what is the function of the endostyle
it acts as a food trap in some organisms (thyroid in some)
26
what does deuterostome translate to
secondary mouth
27
what are the deuterostomes
chordates, echinoderms, hemichordates
28
how is short term ATP synthesis done in deuterostomes
phosphocreatine
29
how is short term ATP synthesis done in non-deuterostomes
phosphoargine
30
whats the difference between phosphocreatine and phosphoargine
same function, different molecule
31
why would an organism use phosphocreatine or phosphoargine
gives energy faster than anaerobic respiration
32
what was the first theory of chordate origins and who did it come from
annelid-arthropod
dorsal ventral inversion
1822 geoffroy st. hillaire
33
what was the second theory of chordate origins and did it come from
auricularian hypothesis
chordates arise from echinoderm larvae and tunicate larvae
1928 Garstang
34
what is the current theory of chordate origins
earliest chordates came from cephanochordates which probably came from hemichordates
35
give an example of species that would fit into the current theory of chordate origins
acorn worm --> lancelet --> cat
36
what is an auricularian in short
type of deuterostome larvae that is a dipleureae (comes from sea cucumbers)
37
why was st hillaire's chordate origins theory proven wrong
convergent evolution
38
what is histology
the study of tissues
39
what is a tissue
a group of similar cells performing a common function
40
what are the ways cells can be performing a common function
appearance, morphology, embryonic
41
what is a cell in relation to histology
fundamental living elements
42
what is the matrix in relation to histology
acellular, non-living components surrounding the cells (goop between the cells)
43
what are the four primary tissue types
epithelia, connective tissue, muscle, nervous tissue
44
what is epithelial tissue
the tissue that lines organs (inner most and outermost tissue)
45
describe epithelial tissue
absorbent, secretory, or protective
46
how are epithelial cell tissues classified
cell shape, stratification
47
what is the difference between apical and basal epithelial tissues
apical is top or surface cells, basal is bottom cells or inner cells where other cells adhere to
48
what is the density of epithelial cells
high cell density, little matrix
49
what does it mean that a tissue is stratified
it has layers
50
what are the three types of epithelial cells
squamos, cuboidal, columnar
51
where can you find squamos cells (epithelial tissue)
kidney, lungs, lining of heart, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels
52
what is the function of cuboidal epithelium
secretion and absorption
53
where can cuboidal epithelia cells be found
kidney tubules, ducts, secretory portions of small glands, ovary surface
54
what is a pseudocolumnar epithelium
varying lengths of epithelial cells make it look like theres layers
55
what are connective tissues
lots of matrix (bone and cartilage)
56
how do epithelial cells adhere to basal membrane
by proteins
57
what do echinoderm larvae look like
bilaterally symmetrical, 2 bands cilia, complete gut
58
give example of auricularian theory
echinoderm to hemichordate to chordate
59
what are the periods in the paleozoic era
cambrian, ordovician, silurian, devonian, carboniferous, permian (can older students develop crappy personalities)
60
what are the periods in the mesozoic era
triassic, jurassic, cretaceous
61
when was the age of fishes
silurian, devonian, carboniferous, permian
62
what MYA was paleozoic era
575-230
63
what MYA was mesozoic era
230-65
64
how many MYA was pikaia
530
65
when did the gnathosomes appear
ordovician
66
when did amphibians appear
devonian
67
when did reptiles appear
carboniferous
68
when did therapsids appear
permian
69
when did mammals and dinosaurs appear
triassic
70
what were the ostracoderms
early agnathan fishes with dermal bone
71
what are the oldest bones found in fossil records
dermal bone
72
what are examples of dermal bone in modern day
turtle shells, fish scales
73
what is paedomorphosis
retention of juvenile characteristics in adults
74
what was myllokunmingia
lower cambrian craniate
75
what was haikouichthys
lower cambrian vertebrate
76
what are the 10 characteristics of a vertebrate
5 of chordate, integument with dermis and epidermis, complete digestive system, advanced circulatory system, excretory system, endocrine system
77
where is the vertebrate digestive system in relation to the spinal column
digestive system is ventral in relation to spinal column
78
what is the endocrine system
series of ductless glands with secretory products (hormones) released directly into the blood
79
why is it difficult to identify notochord cells
they look like adipose cells
80
what is the notochord replaced by in most vertebrates
usually replaced by vertebrae
81
what does the dorsal hollow nerve chord usually contain
usually has an anterior cranial expansion
82
what kind of expansion is a traditional brain
tripartite meaning three bulbs of expansion on the anterior end of the dorsal hollow nerve chord
83
what is typical of most vertebrates to do with their "brain"
encase it with a cranium (bone or cartilage)
84
what on the blastopore forms the notochord
the blastoporal lip
85
who experimented with putting two blastoporal lips on the same blastopore
spemann
86
what classes comprise the agnathans
ostracoderms, pteraspidomorphi, conodonita, myxinoidea, pteromyzontida
87
what does agnathan mean
absence of jaw (jawless fishes)
88
what is found in class chondrictes
cartilagenous fishes (sharks skates rays)
89
what is found in acanthodii
spiny fishes
90
what is found in actinopterygii
ray finned fishes
91
what is found in sarcopterygii
fleshy finned fishes
92
which portion of the skeleton is oldest
axial
93
what portion of the skelton is newest
appendicular
94
how many planes of sectioning are there to bilaterally symmetrical organisms
3 planes of symmetry
95
what are the three distinct origins of the mammalian skull
splanchnocranium, chrondrocranium, dermatocranium
96
which region of the skull is oldest
splanchnocranium
97
what is the splanchnocranium associated with
the pharynx
98
what is the chrondrocranium associated with
surrounds the bottom and the sides of the brain
99
what is the dermatocranium associated with
the top of the brain box
100
what is a demifacet
dent in thoracic ribs where rib touches
101
what is the first vertebrae
C1 is the atlas (holds up cranium)
102
what is the second vertebrae
C2 is the axis
103
what classes are in the teleostomi
acanthodii, actinopterygii, sarcopterygii
104
what class of fishes did mammals evolve from
sarcopterygii
105
if you are not an amniote then what are you
if not amniote then anamniote
106
what are the anamniotes
fishes and amphibians
107
what are the amniotes
birds, mammals, reptiles
108
what does it mean that youre an amniote
you dont have to deposit your eggs in water (can create own water in an egg)
109
bone and cartilage are very similar but primarily differ in what
they differ in their matrix
110
what are the three types of cartilage
fibrocartilage, elastic cartilage, hyaline cartilage
111
what are the two kinds of bone
spongy bone, compact bone
112
what are the caudata
salamanders
113
adipose cells are filled with fat, notochord cells are filled with what
filled with water
114
what does it mean to be a vacuoled cell
most of the cell is occupied by something else (ex. adipose and notochord)
115
with vacuoled cells there is usually a sheath covering the mass of cells. what is this sheath made of
collagen
116
what are the disks between vertebrae
annulus of fibrocartilage with nucleus pulpous in between
117
where can notochord cells be found in adult mammals
in the nucleous pulpous of the vertebral disks
118
what can mesenchyme produce
fibroblast, chondroblast, osteoblast, hematopoetic stem cell
119
what do fibroblasts produce
connective tissues (fat, skin)
120
what do chondroblasts produce
cartilage
121
what do osteoblasts form
bone
122
what do hematopoetic stem cells produce
blood
123
what is mesenchyme
embryonic tissue made of migrating cells thats not found in sheets, but found in blobs (pleuripotent cells (stem))
124
what does blast mean
forming
125
what is matrix composed of
collagen, elastic fibres, proteoglycans
126
what are proteoglycans
core protein with link proteins with glycosaminoglycans (looks like test tube cleaning brush)
127
what are the 6 types of glycosaminoglycans (GAG's)
hyaluronate, chondroitin sulfate, heparin sulfate, heparin, dermatan sulfate, keratin sulfate
128
are GAG's hydrophilic or hydrophobic
hydrophilic
129
Where is hyaluronate found (GAG)
synovial fluid, vitreous humour, ECM of loose connective tissue, large polymers, shock absorbing
130
where is chondroitin sulfate found (GAG)
cartilage, bone, heart valves
131
what is the most abundant of the GAG's
chondroitin sulfate
132
where is heparan sulfate found (GAG)
basement membranes, components of cell surfaces
133
where is heparin found (GAG)
intracellular granules of mast cells, line arteries of lungs liver and skin
134
where is dermatan sulfate found (GAG)
skin, blood vessels, heart valves
135
where is keratin sulfate found (GAG)
cornea, bone, cartilage (makes things waterproof)
136
in general how is cartilage formed
mesenchyme to chondroblast then GAGs surround chondroblast then GAGs surrounded by a lacuna shell. once surrounded by lacuna its cartilage
137
whats a place you could find elastic cartilage
ears
138
whats the function of elastic cartilage
maintains shape of structure while allowing great flexibility (more elastic fibres in matrix)
139
where can fibrocartilage be found
intervertebral joints, pubic symphyses, discs of knee joints
140
whats the function of fibrocartilage
tensile strength with the ability to absorb compressive shock
141
what is the predominant fiber in fibrocartilage matrix
thick collagen fibers
142
where can hyaline cartilage be found
embryonic skeleton, covers ends of long bones, costal cartilage on ribs, cartilage of nose, trachea, larynx
143
whats the function of hyaline cartilage
supports and reinforces, resilient cushioning, resists comprehensive stress
144
what is osseous tissue
bone
145
what is compact bone
cortical bone thats outside bone (flat bone)
146
what is spongy bone
cancelous, inside spongy bone (network of osseous tissue)
