Exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
what is osteogenesis
A
the formation of bone
2
Q
what are the two types of osteogenesis
A
intramembranous
cartilage replacement
3
Q
what is osteogenesis in the form of intramembranous bone formation
A
happens to flat bone of skull and clavicles, happens within fibrous connective membrane
4
Q
what is osteogenesis in the form of cartilage replacement bone formation
A
happens in most skeletal elements, can be perichondral or endochondral
5
Q
what is an ossification center
A
the site of bone formation
6
Q
what engages osteogenesis
A
osteoblasts
7
Q
what removes existing bone
A
osteoclasts
8
Q
what maintains fully formed bone
A
osteocytes
9
Q
in what kind of development is the first formative bone nonlamellar
A
endochondral and intramembranous
10
Q
what is another name for nonlamellar bone
A
immature bone or woven bone
11
Q
what is nonlamellar bone
A
lots of cells interspersed amongst irregularly strewn bundles of collagen
12
Q
what is perichondral
A
on the outside
13
Q
what is endochondral
A
on the innermost
14
Q
what is lamellar bone
A
mature bone
15
Q
what does osteogenesis start with
A
local aggregations of loosel arranged mesenchymal cells
16
Q
in what kind of osteogenesis formation is cartilage an intermediate
A
endochondral
17
Q
when someone stops growing what has happened
A
their epiphysial plates have closed
18
Q
what are the three regions have a bone
A
epiphysis, metaphysis, diaphysis
19
Q
what is another name for the metaphysis
A
epiphyseal plate
20
Q
what is the first step of bone formation from endochronral
A
loose cellections of mesenchymal cells consense to form hyaline cartilage
21
Q
what is the second step of bone formation in endochondral
A
bone collar forms in region of diaphysis
22
Q
what deposits the bone collar
A
cells on inner surface of diaphysis become osteoblasts and deposit the collar
23
Q
what is happening in the bone at the same time as the formation of the bone collar
A
inorganic calcium salts accumulate in the matrix to calcify cartilage in the core of the diaphysis
24
Q
what is the function of calcium in bone formation
A
calcify cartilage, seal off chondrocytes
25
what is the function of sealing off chrondrocytes in bone formation
seal them off so they die so vasculature can invade
26
when is the primary center of ossification established
when osteoblasts appear in the core of the bone
27
what happens in the center of ossification
old bits of calcified cartilage bone become overlaid by new bone
28
what are trabeculae
transitional composites of new bone
29
when are trabeculae considered bone spiracles
when an ossified matrix predominates
30
what do osteoclasts signal in osteogenesis
signals active nature of bone remodeling through matrix deposition and removal
31
what is the difference between osteoblast and osteoclast
blast deposits, clast removes
32
where is the active area of cartilage growth, calcification, cartilage removal, and new bone deposition
epiphyseal plates
33
what do chondrocytes do in response to approaching ossification
chondrocytes proliferate and hypertrophy as surrounding matrix calcifies
34
what lengthens bone
proliferation of cartilage in the epiphyses
35
what contributes to an increase in bone girth
continued depositon of bone under diaphyseal periosteum
36
why can fish grow larger even if reached sexual maturity
only bird and mammals stop growing when they reach adult and sexual maturity
37
what is the basic steps of osteogenesis
cartilage calcifies, blood vessels invade epiphyses, osteoblasts appear, new bone deposited
38
when do secondary centers of ossification appear in humans
at 2-3 years of age
39
when does the zone of ossification take over cartilage proliferation
at or shortly after mammals reach sexual maturity
40
what are the 5 chordate characteristics that all vertebrates have
notochord, pharyngeal openings, post anal tail, endostyle, dorsal hollow nerve cord
41
what are the innovations of chordates that are characteristic to vertebrates
cranium and vertebrae
42
what are vertebrae
series of separate bones or cartilage blocks firmly joined together as a back bone that defines the major axis of the body
43
what are between vertebrae
intervertebral disks
44
what are the 3 basic parts to a vertebra
centrum, neural arch, hemal arch
45
what structural element did early vertebrates rely on
has vertebrae but still mainly relied on the notochord
46
where does the notochord remain in advanced vertebrates
in the nucleous pulpous in the intervertebral disks
47
what is the function of a cranium
supports sensory organs in the head and encases or partially encases the brain
48
what does cephalization mean
anterior clustering of specialized sensory organs
49
what are the three parts of the brain
forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain
50
what two kinds of cells give rise to most sensory organs in the head and are the source of most adult structures that distinuish vertebrates from chordates
neural crest cells, epidermal placodes
51
in what habitat are the earliest vertebrates found
marine waters
52
what are the three stages of vertebrate evolution
prevertebrates, agnathans, gnathostomes
53
what is a prevertebrate
suspension feeding organism that probably resembled amphioxious without burrowing habits
54
how did agnathans feed
use of a muscular pump to produce food bearing water current
55
where did the prevertebrates arise from
arose within protochordates
56
what two mechanical changes caused the shift from prevertebrate to vertebrate
pharynx developed encircling band of muscles, strong and springy cartilage replaced collagen in pharyngeal bars (this formed the muscular pump)
57
what removed the limits to size in early vertebrates
the loss of cilliary pump and the dominance of muscular pump
58
what did the muscular pump of prevertebrates allow for
allowed for larger body size, more complex feeding, addition of gills instead of pharyngeal openings
59
what are gills
complex, folded respiratory organs on pharyngeal pouches whose folds contain blood capillary beds capable of gas exchange
60
what are the folds of gills called
lamellae
61
what did the addition of gills allow for in vertebrates
allowed for increased respiratory demands made by organism due to increased activity
62
how did early vertebrates arise to the agnathan stage
appearance of muscular pharyngeal pump
63
what are the 5 agnathan groups
conodonts, pteraspidomorphi, ostracoderms, myxini, pteromyzontida
64
what kind of feeding did early gnathostomes posses
raptiorial and suction feeding
65
what removed size restriction of prey for gnathistomes
addition of jaws
66
if youre not a fish youre a ____
tetrapod
67
what are amniotes
vertebrates that wrap their embryos in an amnion
68
who are the anamniotes
fishes and amphibians
69
what are jaws derived from
phyrengeal arches
70
were ostracoderms vertebrates
no, notochord instead of vertebrae
71
ostracoderms were not considered craniates, why
they had a dermal bone head shield but not a chondral cranium
72
what do odontoblasts do
form dentin and enamel (mesenchymal derivatives)
73
how does dermal bone vary most significantly from other bone types
dermal bone has an enamel surface
74
what is the issue with having bone made of enamel and dentin
no blood vessels so its not reparable
75
what are the extant agnathans
hagfish and lampreys (myxini and pteryomyzontida)
76
what kind of larvae do lampreys have
ammocoete (kind of like amphioxious)
77
what kind of teeth do lampreys have
keratinized teeth (like finger nails)
78
lampreys and hagfish do not have arcualia when embryonic, what are arcualia
theyre embryonic structures that form vertebrae
79
whats the ecological difference between hagfish and lampreys
lampreys are ectoparasites
80
what kind of feeding do hagfish have
carrion feeding
81
what is carrion feeding
eat dead stuff
82
how many semicircular canals do lampreys have
2
83
how many semicircular canals do hagfish have
1
84
hagfish are unique in that they are isoosmotic, what is isoosmotic
organisms cells are in balance with the salt of the ocean
85
what organism displays knotting feeding when feeding
hagfish
86
what are the cyclostomes
hagfish and lamprey because they have circular mouths
87
where does the fossil data for hagfish and lampreys reach to
late devonian
88
all agnathans lack ____ and possess____
lack bone and possess a single nostril
89
what is the function of hagfish knotting
provides force to tear off food from a larger body
90
hagfish are hermaphrodites but they are not practicing hermaphrodites, what does this mean
they have both sets of gonads but only use one set, must have another hagfish present to reproduce
91
what kind of agnathan has vertebrae
some hagfish have embryonic vertebrae
92
what does it mean for water movement in the body of the hagfish that it is isoosmotic
no net flow o water in or out of the body (doesnt have to drink or pee)
93
what was most likely the direct ancestor to hagfish
invertebrates
94
how does a lamprey stay in place in moving water
grasps rock in mouth and holds it
95
what kind of feeding does the lamprey larva show
suspension feeding
96
what kind of fins do lamprey have
medial fins (paired fins and limbs absent)
97
when do the earliest vertebrates come from
early cambrian of China
98
what does the word conodont mean
cone teeth
99
what kind of feeding did conodonts have
selected and fed on larger food particles (prey)
100
when were ostracoderms most dominant
very late cambrian, silurian, early devonian
101
what was the first agnathan group to possess paired appendages
ostracoderms
102
what was the first vertebrate to have an intricate lateral line system
ostracoderms
103
what was the first vertebrate to have bone
ostracoderms
104
how large were most ostracoderms
minnow sized
105
what was the ostracoderm head shield
large bony plates of the head that were fused into a shield
106
what is the endoskeleton of ostracoderms made of
most fossils suggest cartilagenous endoskeletons
107
what is of interest in the fins of ostracoderms
paired muscular fins observed in the same position and vasculature as gnathostomes
108
what kind of falttening did ostracoderms have
dorsoventral
109
what are the three ostracoderm clades
pteraspidomorphs, osteostracans, anapsids
110
when do pteraspidomorphi ostracoderms appear
ordovician to late devonian
111
how many semicircular canals do pteraspidomorphi of the ostracoderms have
possess 2 semicircular canals
112
how many nares did pteraspidomorphi ostracoderms have
2
113
what did pteraspidomorphi never have and what did they sometimes have
sometimes had lateral and dorsal spines, and never has paired fins
114
ostracoderms body shapes were either fusiform or flattened, what does fusiform mean
spindle shaped
115
what was a popular tail morphology within the ostracoderms
hypocercal tail (bottom lobe longer than upper lobe)
116
what does the tail morphology of ostracoderms suggest
suggests ostracoderms did more open water swimming
117
what are the two early groups of jawed fishes
placoderms and acanthodii
118
when did acanthodii first appear
early sillurian
119
when did placoderms first appear
early sillurian
120
what was the early function of jaws
grasp, bite, crush prey (allowed for capturing of larger prey)
121
early gnathostomes has two types of paired fins, what were these fin types
pectoral and pelvic fins
122
where were the pectoral fins located on early gnathostomes
anterior
123
where were the pelvic fins located on early gnathostomes
posteriorly
124
what did paired fins allow for
stability and control
125
gnathostomes produced two major extant vertebrate groups, what are these two groups
chondrictes, teleostomi
126
what is within the chondrictes
sharks, skates, rays
127
what is within the teleostomi
bony fishes
128
when do placoderms date from
early silurian, flourished in devonian, gone in early carboniferous
129
what is different about the bone in ostracoderms versus placoderms
placoderms dont have dentin in their dermal bone
130
what distinguishes placoderms as a clade
bony thorax articulated with a bony head shield
131
what was the first fish to have internal bone
placoderms had the first internal bone (neural and hemal arches were ossified)
132
what was the size range for placoderms
hand sized to 30 feet long
133
what was probably the lifestyle of placoderms
benthic bottom feeders marine and freshwater
134
what are pelvic claspers
pelvic fins associated with internal fertilization (essentially penises)
135
placoderms were vivaparous, what does vivaparous mean
internal fertilization and give birth to live young
136
what group has the distinction of being the only major group of vertebrates to become entirely extinct without descendents
placoderms
137
what are within the elasmobranchs
(of chondrictes) its the sharks and the rays
138
what is within the holocephalans of chondrictes
chimearas (ratfish)
139
what is notable about the teeth of members in chondrictes
the teeth have serial replacement
140
what kind of scales do chondrictes have
placoid
141
when did chondrictes arise
early devonian
142
what kind of tail did placoderms have
heterocercal
143
why is it important to note the tail type of placoderms
heterocercal tail meant probably didnt have a swim bladder
144
what arch becomes the upper jaw
epibranchial cartilage of the first arch becomes the palatoquadrate cartilage of the upper jaw
145
what arch becomes the lower jaw
ceratobranchial cartilage of the first arch became mandibular cartilage (mekels)
146
what was the purpose of the second arch in the formation of jaws
in mammals it became hyoid arches, in other vertebrates it holds the first arch in place
147
if an organism retains the rest of its arches, what does it use them for
uses them to keep the cavity open and allows for gills
148
sharks have a spiracle on their head, what is this remenant of
the second pharyngeal opening moving upward creating a non functioning spiracle
149
chondrictes have sleek fusiform bodies, what does this suggest for function
suggests that they are/were active swimmers
150
what helps to keep chondrictes afloat
heterocercal tail and large liver filled with bouyant oils
151
what kind of birthing do chondrictes have
some have live birth, some have eggs
152
what is the functional support of most chondrictes
cartilagenous vertebrae
153
how many pharyngeal arches are in verts
7
154
how many pharyngeal openings are in verts
8
155
what group do rays belong to
batoidea
156
when does the ray fossils begin
early jurassic
157
what is the function of a spiracle in rays
primary way rays bring water into the body
158
what is the difference between skates and rays
skates have a rostum, rays dont
159
what group do the rays belong to
rajidae
160
what kind of birthing do skates and rays have
vivapary (born live but in a "purse"
161
what makes the ratfish tail different from the other chondrictes
it is not heterocercal, it is pointed
162
how does the ratfish propel itself through water
large pectoral fins
163
when do ratfish appear in fossil record
late devonian
164
how do jaws of ratfish differ from sharks
upper jaw of ratfish fused to braincase
165
how do ratfish gills differ from sharks
ratfish have an operculum, sharks dont
166
how do ratfish breed
pelvic claspers and cephalic clasper (on head)
167
what groups are in the teleostomes
acanthodii, osteichthyes
168
what does the word acanthodii mean
spiny sharks
169
what kind of tail do acanthodii have
heterocercal
170
what is the characteristic feature of acanthodii
fins preceded by spines
171
when do acanthodii live
early silurian to late ordovician
172
what water types did acanthondii occupy
marine and freshwater
173
what was the major mechanical support for acanthodians
ossified vertebral column with persistant notochord
174
where did the acanthodii have dermal bone
has some dermal bone in the head but it was not composited into a head shield
175
what was the first group to have a bony operculum
acanthodii had some members with bony operculum
176
why are acanthodii probably more related to sharks than bony fishes
sharks and acanthodii both have subterminal mouth below the nose (bony fish dont have this)
177
what kind of mouth do bony fish have
terminal mouth
178
most living vertebrates are in what group
osteichthyes
179
what group do bony fishes belong to
osteichthyes
180
when do bony fishes appear
late silurian
181
what characterizes osteichthyes
majority of the internal skeleton is made of bone
182
what ostheicythes have a mostly cartilage skeleton
sturgeons, paddlefish, lungish,
183
what organ do bony fishes have to support bouyancy
swim bladders
184
fins of the bony fishes are strengthened by what
lepidotrichia
185
what are lepidotrichia
slender bony rods or rays providing fan like internal support to the fins
186
what are the two groups in the bony fishes
actinopterygeans, sarcopterigians
187
what is the dominant group within the bony fishes
actinopterygeans
188
what group in the bony fishes gave rise to the tetrapods
sarcopterygeans
189
what does the word neopterygii mean
new fishes (older new fish)
190
what kind of tail is found in the neopterygii
homocercal tail
191
what does the world teleostean mean
newer new fishes
192
what fish are within the teleostean
most fish
193
what is a major difference in the fins of neopterygian and teleostean fishes
neo have pelvic fins pushed way back, teleo have pelvic fins pushed under the pectoral fins
194
what are the two kinds of swim bladders
physo and physcli
195
what is the primitive swim bladder
physo
196
what is the advanced swim bladder
physcli
197
what happens in physo swim bladder
swim bladder is connected to the stomach
198
what happens in physcli swim bladder
swim bladder not connected to stomach, own gas gland that uses dissolved gasses to fill the bladder
199
what kind of tails do sarcopterygii have
diphycercal tails
200
what groups are within the sarcopterygii
dipnoi (lungfish), coelocanth, rhipidistia
201
what genus does coealocanths belong to
latimeria
202
what does the word actinopterygii mean
ray finned fishes
203
what are the palaenoisciformes of the actinopterygii
primitive ray finned fishes
204
what kind of scales do bichir have
rhomboidal ganoid scales
205
when did neopterygeans arise
early mesozoic
206
when did teleost fishes appear
late triassic
207
where did tetrapod limbs evolve from
sarcopterygean fins
208
sarcopterygians have choanae, what are choanea
extrernal nares open into the mouth through holes called choanea
209
what kind of scales so sarcopterygians have
cosmoid scales
210
when did coelocanths first appear
middle devonian
211
what is weird about the coelocanth swim bladder
its filled with fat
212
when did dipnoi first arise
(lungfish) first arose in devonian
213
when do rhipidistians date to
early devonian to permian
214
is the notochord still present in sarcopterygeans
yes
215
what kind of teeth are found in the rhipidistians
labrynthodont teeth
216
why are rhipidisteans so important
theyre the direct ancestors to tetrapods
217
when did tetrapods step onto land
late paleozoic
218
what is tetrapoda formally characterized by
presence of a chiridium
219
what is a chiridium
muscular limb with joints and digits
220
what were the labrynthodonts
transition animals between rhipidisteans and tetrapods (ancient amphibians)
221
what is the best studied rhipidistean
eusthenopteron
222
the cleithrum of fishes turns into what on humans
turns into the spine of the scapula
223
acanthostega was an ancient amphibian with how many phalanges
8
224
what did tiktaalik look like
amphibian skull, fish body
225
whats the order of transition species (oldest to newest)
acanthostega, tiktaalik, ichthyostega, limnoscelis, labryinthodonts
226
what did ichthyostega look like
had a forelimb and a hing limb (7 digits)
227
how many digits did limnoscelis have
5
228
what is an eft
midpoint in the life cycle of newts where they are red and terrestrial
229
what subclass are the modern amphibians within
lissamphibia
230
what kind of organisms are in the caudata
those with a tail
231
what kind of organisms are in the salientia
those without a tail
232
what kind of organisms are in the apoda
those without feet
233
what does paedomorphic mean
adult retining a juvenile feature
234
what kinds of glands are in the skin of amphibians
mucous and poison glands
235
amphibians can have physiologically active cromatophores, what do these do
produce colour
236
amphibians have a urostyle, what is a urostyle
fusion of the vertebrae
237
how many chambers are in an amphibian heart
3
238
when is there a lateral line on amphibians
only in juvenile stages, lost in adulthood
239
when did stapes first appear
in early labrynthodonts
240
what kind of fertilization was most likely in labrynthodonts
external with eggs laid in water
241
what kind of water was most common for labrynthodonts to frequent
freshwater
242
when did lissamphibia arise
jurassic
243
what is a lateral line organ
gives feedback on how water is moving (kinda like an inner ear)
244
what is prismatic cartilage
calcium phosphate shell surrounding cartilage
245
what kind of scales do sharks have
placoid scales
246
whats another term for poison glands in amphibians
granular skin glands
247
living amphibians have what kind of teeth
pedicellate
248
what is the only lissamphibian to have internal fertilization
caecilians
249
what are the two major amniote groups
sauropsida and synapsida
250
what is within the sauopsids
birds, dinosaurs, reptiles
251
what is within the synapsids
therapsids and mammals
252
how are saurapsid and synapsid skulls classified
based on the temporal bone of the skull
253
what are the skull types
anapsid, diapsid, synapsid
254
what differentiates suarapsids and synapsids from amphibians
sacrum attaches the hind limbs to the spinal chord
255
what is the sacrum
fusion of 5 vertebrae
256
what are the 5 key characteristics of amniotes
sacral vertebrae, cornified epidermal scales, advanced kidney, deeper skull, cleidoic egg
257
what are cornified epidermal scales
lizard scales, bird leg scales (not the same thing as fish scales)
258
what kind of advanced kidney is characteristic of vertebrates
metanepharous kidney
259
why is a metanepharoud kidney needed for advanced vertebrates
organism needs to be stingy with water and produce very concentrated urine
260
what are the 4 extra embryonic membranes of the cleoidic egg
amnion, yolk sac, alantois, choreon
261
what are the stem amniotes
cotylosaurs
262
what is the mnenomic device for the 12 cranial nerves
oh oh oh to touch and feel a girls vagina ah heaven
263
what are the 12 cranial nerves
olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abduceans, facial, auditory, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, hypoglossal
264
what are the three branches of the trigeminal nerve
ophthalmic, maxillary, mandibular
265
where are the trochlear nerves found
superior oblique muscles
266
where is the absuceans nerve found
lateral rectus
267
where is the glossopharyngeal nerve found
tongue and pharynx
268
where is the accessory nerve found
skeletal muscle
269
where is the hypoglassal nerve found
below the tongue
