Flashcards in Exam 1 Deck (37)
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1
Define Innate immunity
Non-specific, does not alter with repeated exposure
2
Define Adaptive immunity
Specific, improves with each successive exposure to the same pathogen
3
Define Antigen
any molecule that is recognized by the adaptive immune elements
4
Define Antibody
mediates secondary effects and destroys the pathogen
5
How does geography and weather affect the occurrence and incidence of disease?
different locations have different incidences of disease,
warm and moist climates are a common place for bacteria and viruses to live and grow
6
During a physical exam one need to evaluate the mucous membranes of an animal. List 2 different colors the mucous membranes might be and what is telling us about the health of the animal.
Pink = normal
Blue = not enough oxygen in the blood
White = anemic
7
List 6 ways infectious agents can be transmitted from a sick animal to a healthy animal.
Vertical - Animal A to Offspring (milk, in-vetro)
Horizontal - Animals coming in contact with infected animal (aersol)
Oral
Urine/feces
Secretions - vaginal
Blood Contact
8
Describe how vectors are involved in disease transmission. List two common vectors in disease transmission.
Without proper sanitation disease can spread from animal to animal
Mosquitos, Fleas, and birds carry infectious diseases that can be passed on to other animals
9
List the four physical signs/symptoms of inflammations.
Swelling of area
Red
Painful
Warm to the touch
10
Define incubation period
the period of time when an animal has a disease, but there are NO symptoms or signs of having the disease and it can still transmit the disease
11
Define Antitoxin
Horse or sheep derived serum
Passive immunization; immediately protective
12
Define Toxoid
Inactivated bacterial toxin
requires 10-14 days to develop active immunity
13
Give two examples of why a vaccine might fail to provide protective immunity.
The animal has already been infected with the pathogen
Denatured vaccine - UV light, heat, etc.
14
List 4 infectious agents
Virus
Bacteria
Protozoa
Fungi
15
Discuss the "External Defenses", of the skin and GI tract in preventing disease.
Skin = 1st barrier, prevents bacteria or viruses from entering the body
GI tract = flushes out, preventing disease
16
What is a "carrier animal"
an animal that is infected with the disease, but shows no signs or symptoms
17
Discuss the difference between vertical disease transmission and horizontal disease transmission. Give an example of each.
Vertical: passes from animal A to offspring ( in vetro, milk, colostrum)
Horizontal: passes from animal to animal based on contact (aersol - animal comes in contact with infected animal)
18
List two properties of modified live virus (MLV) vaccine.
Needs less boosters
Better/ quicker protection
19
List two properties of killed vaccines
Can NOT cause disease
Needs boosters to activate adaptive immunity
20
List four Non-infectious cause of disease
Age - young vs. old
Stress - crowding
Housing - ventilation
Nutritional imbalances
21
As an animal manager, describe the "visual exam", of an animal
Body score
Any visible problems
Lameness
Secretions, where, color
22
Define IM
Intramuscular: within the muscle
23
Define SQ
Subcutaneous: right under the skin
24
Define PO
Oral: given orally
25
Define IN
Intranasal: inside the nose
26
List four important considerations before vaccinating an animal
Age
Area of administering
Sex: pregnant or not
History
27
True or False
A pathogen is a microorganism or substance capable of causing disease
True
28
True or False
Protein, blood or other organic material can weaken or inhibit the product activity of a cleaner/disinfectant
True
29
True or False
A vaccine is a chemical produced by a microorganism that has the ability to dilute solutions to inhibit microbial growth or kill microorganisms
False
30
