Exam 1 Flashcards by Grace Taschuk

what is energy density?

the measure of the energy a nutrient provides relative to the weight of the food(kcal/gram)

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the calorie of a food is determined by

the amount of heat it releases and transfers to water when completely burned.

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micronutrients such as__ are required install amounts such as__a day

vitamins/minerals, milligrams/micrograms

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AMDR stands for

Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges. The ranges are Protein- 10-35%, CHO- 45-65%, and Fat- 20-35%.

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what is the purpose of the AMDR

provide adequate nutrients and energy, and reduce the risk of chronic disease

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do vitamins and minerals provide energy?

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what are the water soluble vitamins

B+C

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what are the fat soluble vitamins

A,D,E,K

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what are phytochemicals and their purpose

non-nutrient compounds found in plants. Some have biological activity in the body and act as antioxidants, suppress inflammation, etc, and may protect against certain diseases.

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what are functional foods

foods that provide health benefits beyond their nutrient contributions. This includes whole foods, fortified, and enriched foods. Examples include whole grains-fibers, oily fish-omega 3s, and fresh fruits-phytochemicals.

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what are DRIs

Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) are a set of values for the dietary nutrient intake of healthy people. They are used for assessing and planning diets. The goal is to protect against nutrient deficiencies and chronic diseases

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DRIs include what other areas

Estimated Average Requirements(EAR), Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA), Adequate Intakes(AI), and Tolerable Upper Intake Levels(UL).

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what is an EAR

Estimated Average Requirement(EAR) is the amount of a nutrient that will maintain a specific biochemical or physiological function in ½ of the people of a given age and gender group.

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what is an RDA

Recommended Daily Allowances(RDAs) is the average amount of a nutrient considered adequate to meet the needs of almost all (98%) healthy people.

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what is an AI

Adequate intakes-(AI) are set for nutrients where there is insufficient scientific evidence to determine an EAR which is needed to set an RDA. The average amount of a nutrient that appears sufficient to maintain health. Like the RDA, the AI may be used as a nutrient intake goal for individuals.

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what are ULs

Tolerable intake levels are the maximum amount of a nutrient that appears safe and beyond which there is a risk of adverse health effects.

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what is an EER

Estimated Energy Required(EER) is the average energy intake to maintain energy balance for healthy body weight and physical activity.

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a primary deficiency is caused by what

inadequate diet

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a secondary deficiency is caused by what

a problem inside the body

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what is a nutritional assessment

a determination of a person’s nutritional status using dietary history, laboratory tests, physical evaluation, and anthropometric data.

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experimental studies are held

in a lab

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Food consumption surveys measure

the amounts and kinds of foods consumed, estimates nutrient intake and compares it with the DRIs

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Nutrition status surveys evaluate

the nutrition status of groups of people using nutrition assessment tools.

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The Registered Dietitian Nutritionist (RDN) studies

nutritional management of diseases and medical conditions as well as disease prevention and wellness and provide medical nutrition therapy (MNT)

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chronic disease risk factors __ over time and __

persist, cluster

what are the top two cases of death

heart disease, cancers. strokes come in at 5th and diabetes mellitus at 7th

define adequacy

providing all the essential nutrients, fiber, and energy in amounts sufficient to maintain health.

_____translate the nutrient recommendations of DRIs into food recommendations. They are reviewed and revised as needed every __ years.

Dietary Guidelines for Americans, five

The USDA food patterns include five major food groups which are

fruits, vegetables, grains, protein foods, milk, and milk products

Legumes are a subgroup of both __ and __ but actually belong in the __ group nutritionally.

vegetables, proteins, carbohydrate

what are discretionary calories

calories that you have after your adequate calories are reached.

what is the serving size for fruit

1 cup

what is the serving size for vegetables

1 cup

what is the serving size for grains

1 oz

what is the serving size for proteins

1 oz

what is the serving size for oils

1 tsp

what is the serving size for milk and milk products

1 cup

what is a portion size? is it a standard amount?

the quantity of food served or eaten at one meal or snack, no

what are some examples of additions in enriched foods

Iron, Thiamin, Riboflavin, Nacin, and Folate

what is a whole grain

A whole grain is a grain that maintains the same relative proportions of starch endosperm, germ and bran as the original( all but the husk)

the bran around a kernel of grain is rich in

nutrients and fiber

the endosperm contains

starch and proteins

the germ is

the seed that grows into a wheat plant. it is rich in vitamins

what are some examples of whole grains

amaranth, barley, buckwheat, bulgur, corn, oatmeal, quinoa, rice (brown or wild), whole rye, and whole wheat.

serving sizes are a role of

the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and adjusts calculations according to the amount consumed.

what is required information in nutrition facts

total food energy; food energy from fat, total fat; saturated fat; trans fat; cholesterol, sodium, total carbohydrate; dietary fiber; sugars, protein, vitamin D, iron, calcium, and potassium.

Most foods are required to have food labels but exceptions include

those with few nutrients like coffee or tea, those produced by small businesses, and those prepared and sold in the same establishment.

true or false: FDA specific serving sizes are not the same as USDA food patterns and serving sizes.

true

Daily values are reference values developed by the __ specifically for use on food labels.

FDA

The percentage of a daily value recommendation found in a specified serving of food for key nutrients is based upon a __kcal diet.

2000

True or false: Nutrient claims must meet FDA definitions.

true

do structure function claims made with FDA approval?

Nutrient claims are

statements that characterize the quantity of a nutrient in a food.

Health claims are

statements that characterize the relationship between a nutrient or other substance in a food and a disease or health-related condition and are FDA authorized.

Structure-function claims are

statements that characterize the relationship between a nutrient or other substance in a food and a structure/body function

__ of the top ten causes of death are nutrition related.

Four

__ is the most overconsumed food group

Protein

__ is a good processed food

yogurt

of all the grains that you consume __ should be whole grains

50%

the __ of a grain provides the fiber

bran

the __ of a grain provides the starch and protein

endosperm

name the sphincter for digestion in order

upper esophageal sphincter, lower esophageal sphincter(cardiac), pyloric sphincter, ileocecal sphincter, anus

what is absorption

the uptake of nutrients by the cells of the small intestine for transport into either the blood or the lymph from the GI tract into the blood or lymph.

The oral cavity includes the

lips, teeth, tongue, and palate.

what is the enzyme for starch in the saliva

salivary amylase

what are the 5 basic taste sensations

sweet, sour, bitter, salty, and savory

The __ is the amount of food swallowed at one time.

bolus

what is the role of the LES

prevents reflux (backward flow of content).

The chyme is released to the small intestine through the __ sphincter.

pyloric

The small intestine is composed of three parts:

the duodenum, jejunum, and the ileum

The __ duct opens into the small intestine. It allows secretions from the__ to release into the SI.

common bile, pancreas and gallbladder

The pancreatic duct conducts __(enzymes/bicarbonate) from the pancreas to the small intestine

pancreatic juice

The __ secretes things from other organs like bile made by the __ which is stored in the __

duodenum, liver, gall bladder

The ___ is responsible for breaking down fats, proteins, and carbs.

pancreas

The major site of absorption is the __

small intestine.

The large intestine includes the __ and__ which separates the small and large intestine.

colon, ileocecal valve

__ is the wavelike muscle contractions that push contents along the GI tract.

Peristalsis

__ is the periodic squeezing or partitions of the intestine at intervals along its length by its circular muscles.

Segmentation

how the pancreas secretes insulin into the bloodstream is an example of what kind of gland

endocrine

what five organs are associated with the secretions of digestion

salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and small intestine

saliva begins __ digestion

carbohydrate

___ acts primarily in protein digestion

gastric juice

gastric juice is a mixture of

water, enzymes, and hydrochloric acid

stomach protease functions in a __environment

acidic

pancreatic and small intestine enzymes function in an__environment

alkaline

Pancreatic juices and intestinal enzymes are released via __into the __

ducts, duodenum.

The enzymes from pancreatic juices act on __ energy nutrients

all three

__neutralizes the acidic chyme.

Sodium bicarbonate

Removal of the gall bladder is called a __

cholecystectomy.

__breaks down the protein in the stomach

Hydrochloric acid

Once a bolus gets a bunch of acid added to it it becomes

chyme.

The pyloric sphincter is at the bottom of the stomach and opens every three minutes so that gives it time to get some __

bicarbonate which comes from the pancreas.

__ are fingerlike projection from the folds of the small intestine.

Villi

__are tiny hairlike projections on each villus, they trap nutrients and transport them into cells

Microvilli

__are tubular glands that secrete intestinal juices into the small intestine.

Crypts

__ are cells of the GI tract that secrete mucus.

Goblet cells

what nutrients are absorbed via simple diffusion

water and small lipids

what nutrients are absorbed via facilitated diffusion

water soluble vitamins

what nutrients are absorbed via active transport

glucose and amino acids

products of fat digestion enter the bloodstream through

the subclavian system

Blood leaving the digestive system goes to the __ which returns blood to the heart

hepatic portal vein

The lymphatic system transports__

larger lipids and fat soluble vitamins

Lymph is a clear yellowish fluid that is almost identical to blood except that it contains

no RBCs or platelets.

Lymph collects in the __ and drains into the__ where it enters the bloodstream.

thoracic duct, subclavian vein

what are prebiotics

food components that are not digested but are used as food by the GI bacteria to promote growth and activity.

what are prebiotic in a simple term

food for the bacteria in your body

anything high in __ is prebiotic

fiber

what are some sources of prebiotics

fruits, vegetables an whole grains

what are probiotics

the "good" bacteria or live cultures like those in your gut.

what are sources of probiotics

fermented dairy foods like yogurt, kimchi, sauerkraut, miso, tempeh

peptic ulcers are also called

gastric or duodenal ulcers

what are some causes of peptic ulcers

a bacterial infection, anti-inflammatory drugs, excessive gastric acid secretion.

what is Zollinger Ellison syndrome

when someone makes so much acid the their mucus can't keep up

what is diverticulosis

little pockets that pop out from the colon.

what will help with diverticulosis

high fiber diet