Protein chapter Flashcards
(101 cards)
1
Q
what are the compounds of protein
A
C,H,O, and N
2
Q
proteins are arranged into __ and linked in a chain
A
amino acids
3
Q
what re the building blocks of proteins
A
amino acids
4
Q
what are the three properties of amino acids
A
amino group, acid group, and hydrogen
5
Q
how many AA are there and how many are considered essential
A
20, 9
6
Q
what are four examples of amino acids
A
glycine, alanine, aspartic acid, phenylalanine
7
Q
AA are connected by
A
peptide bonds
8
Q
oligopeptide are how many AA
A
4-10
9
Q
polypeptides are how many AA
A
more than ten
10
Q
what are some examples of denaturation of proteins
A
cooking of an egg, culling of milk, stiffening of egg whites
11
Q
where does protein digestion begin
A
in the stomach
12
Q
__ causes pepsinogen to convert to pepsin
A
HCL
13
Q
pepsinogen is a
A
enzyme
14
Q
larger proteins are broken down in to
A
smaller polypeptides and AA
15
Q
unused amino acids are transported to
A
the liver
16
Q
__ AA supplements are not as well utilized and absorbed as whole food proteins
A
Hydrolyzed
17
Q
where is protein broken down into AA
A
the small intestine
18
Q
what happens after proteins are broken down in the small intestine
A
they are transferred to pumps by active transport which carry them for passage into the blood
19
Q
where are excess AA transported to
A
the liver
20
Q
__ are broken down like any protein
A
exogenous
21
Q
what kind of AA are not well utilized
A
hydrolyzed
22
Q
what is DNA
A
amino acid sequencing
23
Q
what are some effects of sickle cell
A
patients are very tired and have a lot of illnesses
24
Q
can the body synthesize essential AA in adequate amounts
A
no
25
Protein in food provides AA for the body to make__
it’s own proteins
26
T/F: You have to get all nine essential AA and kind of at the same time in order for them to work in your body
TRUE
27
T/F: As long as you get the essential you can make your own non essential
true
28
what is limiting AA
not getting all the essential AA
29
what kinds of proteins are complete
animal (except gelatin) and plant is variable
30
what is the reference protein by which we measure the quality of other protein
egg
31
egg Has a biological value of
100
32
egg preteen refers to
the amount of N2 retained after it has been digested and absorbed
33
what kind of quality of protein wastes AA as they are converted to urea and metabolizes carbons for energy
poor
34
Nt tyrosine is used to make
E and NE
35
Tryptophan s a precursor for
niacin and seratonin
36
what is Nitrogen balance
refers to N2 consumed vs N2 excreted
37
why is Nitrogen balance important
because protein is needed for growth & maintenance of all body tissues
38
when is positive N2 balance occurring in the body
during growth and pregnancy
39
when his negative N2 balance found in the body
during sickness, trauma, starvation, and if bedridden
40
which macronutrients have nitrogen and which don't
protein has it but fats and carbs do not
41
explain nitrogen balance
1. unused AA are broken down
2. The liver takes the extra N and forms ammonia with three hydrogens
3. The liver turns ammonia into urea
4. the liver releases the urea into the blood
5. The urea is sent to the kidneys to be filtered and urinated out
42
does consuming more protein make you urinate more frequently
yes
43
what are 8 functions of proteins in the body
1. structural materials
2. enzymes
3. hormones
4. fluid balance
5. acid-base balance
6. transportation
7. antibodies
8. energy and glucose
44
the protein fibrin creates
blood clots
45
the protein collagen
forms scars
46
the protein opsin
participates in vision
47
define enzymes
proteins that facilitate chemical reactions without being changed
48
what does the enzyme synthetase do
builds body structures
49
why are enzymes called catalysts
because they’re not themselves changed by the reaction
50
how do proteins play a role in fluid balance
they maintain proper distribution
51
what does acid-base balance do
Acts as a buffer preventing acidosis and alkalosis
52
Proteins protect one another by sequestering __ if too much or releasing if too little
H2
53
what are antibodies
Proteins that act on foreign organisms and protect the body
54
what does thyroxin do
controls metabolic rate
55
what hormones are responsible for the support of lactation
oxytocin and prolactin
56
what hormone(s) are responsible for the support of pregnancy
progesterone
57
what hormone(s) are responsible for regulating blood calcium
calcitonin and PT hormone
58
what hormone(s) are responsible for regulation of fluid and electrolyte balance
aldosterone, angiotensin, renin, and ADH
59
how do proteins contribute to blood clotting
they form fibrin- an insoluble mass fo protein
60
what vitamins/minerals are also involved in blood clotting
vitamin K and calcium
61
what do transport proteins do
move nutrients and other proteins in and out of cells
62
how can transport proteins be controlled
by hormones
63
what are some structural examples of protein in the body
collagen which forms connective tissues as well as formations for bones and teeth. it also forms lean tissues such as ligaments and tendons
64
how do proteins contribute to visual pigments
opsin is the protein of visual pigments. it changes its shape in response to light
65
what is protein energy malnutrition (PEM)
a deficiency of both calories and protein
66
what is the result of a high meat diet
heart disease
67
__ levels are high in people who have heart disease
Homocysteine
68
__ levels increase nitric oxide relaxes all your smooth muscles and vessels
Arginine
69
what is the most widespread nutrition problem
PEM
70
what is Kwashiorkor
a kind of PEM- they have enough calories just not enough protein
71
what is marasmus
a condition where you don’t have enough protein and you don’t have enough calories
72
any protein that does enter the body during Marasmus
needs to go to the brain and heart so it does not go to hormones, etc.
73
what are some signs of Kwashiorkor
common in 18month to 2 year olds, bulging belly or limbs and face, loss of appetite, dry, brittle hair that loses its color, and sores that don't heal
74
what are some signs of marasmus
very thin, most common in children 6-18 months old, muscles wasted and weak, impaired brain development, decreased body temperature, GI tract atrophies.
75
Severe deprivation over a long period of time would be
marasmus
76
sudden and recent food deprivation would be
Kwashiorkor
77
Typically sources that are higher in protein are higher in __ especially animal protein
fat
78
how many kcal should come from protein
15-20 percent
79
what is the recommended intake fo protein
.8g/kg of body weight
80
how do you convert lbs to kg
lbs/2.2
81
When pregnant you need __extra grams of protein
10
82
what should be your percentage of daily protein intake
10-35%
83
what is ova vegetarianism
ovo vegetarians do not eat anything that comes from an animal except they eat eggs
84
legumes provide what kind of complementary proteins
isoleucine, lysine
85
grains provide what kinds of complementary proteins
Methionine and tryptophan
86
can fat cause cancer
no it does help it grow though
87
how can food aid cancer
There is a risk if you grill your food and the food drops into the grill which make carcinogens
88
what is dialysis
kidney failure
89
what do doctors do to aid with kidney disease
put you on slightly lower protein problem is they start with really low protein and its really hard to get it back up
90
what is osteoporosis
increase in calcium excretion
91
how many grams of proteins equal one ounce
7
92
how many grams of protein in an egg
7
93
how many grams of protein in a cup of milk
8
94
how many grams of protein in a starch
3
95
how many grams of protein in a veggie serving
2
96
how many grams of fat in a serving if fruit or fat
0
97
__helps to reduce insomnia
tryptophan
98
are amino acid supplements regulated by the government
no
99
amino acids should not be used by who
1. pregnant/lactating women
2. infants, children, and adolescents
3. people with mental or physical illness without medical supervision
4. people with inborn errors of metabolism that affect handling of AA
5. people on low protein diets
100
what are nutritional genomics
they study your genes to see how you will absorb, use, and metabolize the nutrients you consume
101
The Human Genome is a complete set of genetic material organized into ___chromasomes located in the __
46, cell nucleus
