Lipids-EXAM 2 Flashcards
(109 cards)
1
Q
Lipids are a family of compounds including
A
fats, oils, phospholipids, sterols, and triglycerides
2
Q
what is a lipid profile and what is included in it
A
results of a blood test revealing Total cholesterol, HDL and LDL cholesterol, Triglycerides
3
Q
what lipids are most abundant
A
triglycerides
4
Q
what composes about 95% of lipids
A
triglycerides
5
Q
what is the backbone of triglycerides
A
glycerol
6
Q
what does saturated mean
A
full of hydrogens
7
Q
what does unsaturated mean
A
missing hydrogens
8
Q
what are Omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids
A
18-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acids
9
Q
what are triglycerides composed of
A
a glycerol backbone and three fatty acids
10
Q
how are triglycerides formed
A
a series of condensation reactions
11
Q
what are the 6 types of fat
A
saturated, polyunsaturated, monounsaturated, hydrogenated fat, cis fats, and trans fats
12
Q
all carbons must have __ bonds
A
4
13
Q
a __ bond is the point of unsaturation
A
double
14
Q
saturated fatty acids are fully loaded with
A
H
15
Q
do saturated fatty acids have double bonds?
A
no
16
Q
what are some examples of saturated fatty acids
A
butter, lard and palm and coconut oils
17
Q
how many double bonds do monounsaturated fatty acids have
A
1
18
Q
what oils are monounsaturated fats
A
olive, canola, and peanut
19
Q
how many double bonds do polyunsaturated fatty acids have
A
2 or more
20
Q
what are examples of linoleic acid
A
sunflower, safflower, cornea nd soybean oil
21
Q
what are examples of linolenic acid
A
fish, flaxseed, soybean, canola, and walnut oil
22
Q
what acid is an 18 carbon chain with 2 double bonds
A
linoleic acid
23
Q
what acid is common in vegetable oils and meats
A
linoleic acids
24
Q
what acid is essential to form omega 6 fatty acids
A
linoleum acid
25
only__ have cholesterol
animal products
26
what is the good fatty acid
linolenic
27
what are examples of linolenic fatty acids
soybeans, walnuts, canola, soybean oil
28
what fatty acid is essential to form omega 3 fatty acids which are essential to normal growth and development and may prevent/treat heart disease, hypertension, cancer, arthritis
linolenic
29
what are sources of Linolenic fatty acid
human milk, fish, and shellfish
30
what is the recommended intake of cholesterol
300mg
31
what is EPA
Eicosapentaenoic acid
32
what is DHA
Docosahexaenoic acid
33
what are characteristics of solid fats and oils
hydrogenation and trans-fatty acids
34
what are the roles of lipids
unlimited storage of energy, provides 60% of resting energy expenditure, insulation, cell integrity, absorption of fat soluble vitamins, lecithins and phospholipids act as emulsifying agents, cholesterol forms part of the cell membranes
35
fatty acids make phospholipids __ in fat
soluble
36
the phosphate group in phospholipids allows __ in water
solubility
37
__are used as emulsifiers in the food industry
phospholipids
38
where are phospholipids found naturally
eggs, soybeans, liver, peanuts, and wheat germ
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where are phospholipids made
in the liver
40
__ provides 9 kcal per gram
phospholipids
41
phospholipids are destroyed by __ when taken orally
lecithinase
42
what are sterols
Compounds composed of C,H,O atoms arranged in rings with any variety of side chains attached
43
what re some examples of sterols
cholesterol, bile acids, hormones, vitamin D
44
true or false: Both plant and animal food sources contain sterols
true
45
where is cholesterol produced
in the liver
46
what s the structural component of cell membranes
cholesterol
47
what is the starting material for other compounds
cholesterol
48
what can cause atherosclerosis
excess amounts of cholesterol deposit in the artery walls
49
true or false: Using margarine instead of butter will help lower my cholesterol.
false
50
do thin people have to worry about cholesterol
yes
51
do women have to worry about high cholesterol
yes, especially around menopause
52
true or false: You don't need to have your cholesterol checked until you reach middle age.
false
53
fats are __and separate from water-based digestive juices
hydrophobic
54
enzymes are hydro-
philic
55
__ and __ acids serve to emulsify fats so enzymes can get to them
phospholipids and bile acids
56
what enzyme starts lipid breakdown in the mouth
lingual lipase
57
what helps to breakdown ladies ion the stomach
strong muscle contractions and gastric lipase
58
during absorption, __ are hydrolyzed and fatty acids merge into spherical complexes called
triglycerides, micelles
59
what happens to the glycerol and short chain fatty acids during absorption
they are absorbed directly into the blood via the portal vein
60
TG and other large lipids are clustered together in intestinal cells to form a lipoprotein called a
chylomicron
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chylomicron is transported via the __
lymph
62
what do chylomicron do
Chylomicrons transport fats to all cells of the body which remove what is needed, leaving a remnant to be recycled by the liver
63
what are the largest and least dense liipiproteins
chylomicrons
64
what is the role of chylomicrons
to transport diet-derived liipids
65
where are very low density lipoproteins made
in the liver
66
what are the four main types of lipoproteins
chylomicrons, very-low-density lipoproteins, low-density lipoproteins, and high-density lipoproteins
67
what types of lipoproteins do cells need
slow density
68
what is the role of low density lipoprotein
liver regulation
69
what is the role of high-density lipoprotein
remove cholesterol from cells, carries cholesterol to the liver for recycling, and has anti-inflammatory properties
70
VDLDs shrink as cells remove TG and become a
LDL
71
special __ receptors on the liver cells are crucial in the control of blood cholesterol concentration by removing LDL from circulation
LDL
72
you want __L to be high and __L to be low
HDL, LDL
73
what will increase you r HDL
exercise
74
eating saturated fat will increase your chances of
heart disease
75
what are the recommended numbers of LDL in the blood
less than 130mg/dL
76
what is the "good cholesterol"
HDL
77
what lipoprotein is high in protein
HDL
78
the liver makes __ packages to carry cholesterol and other lipids back to the liver for recycling and disposal
HDL
79
what are the recommended levels of HDL
more than 45 mg/dL
80
what increases your HDL
monounsaturated fats, soluble fibers, exercise, weight control, and antioxidants
81
true or false: HDL carries cholesterol
true, but ultimately results in cholesterol removal from the body
82
what lipoprotein has a protective effect against heart attack
HDL
83
saturated fats raise __ cholesterol
LDL
84
Trans fats raise __ and lower
LDL, HDL
85
__lower cholesterol and heart disease
Omega 3 fatty acids
86
true or false: dietary fat can promote cancer
true
87
what is the general term for all the diseases of the heart and blood vessels
cardiovascular disease (CDV)
88
what is the most common form of CDV
coronary heart disease(CDH)
89
what is atherosclerosis
the accumulation of plaques on the inner wall of the artery
90
what are two effects that CHD includes
atherosclerosis, and HTN(high blood pressure)
91
what are the four stages of the development of atherosclerosis
plaques, blood clots, blood flow decreases, blood pressure rises
92
what do plaques do to the arteries
stiffen and narrows them
93
what is a major factor of plaque formation
a diet high in saturated fat
94
what is an aneurysm
ballooning out of artery wall at a point where it has been weakened by deterioration
95
what are some risk factors for atherosclerosis
high blood lipids, heredity, glucose intolerance/diabetes, HTN, sedentary lifestyle, obesity, smoking, lack of estrogen
96
how much fat do we need
3% of total kcals to prevent essential fatty acid deficiency
97
linolenic is
omega 3
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__ acids are good for anticlotting
linolenic
99
according to the DRI ___ of daily energy should come from linoleic acid and __ of lnolenic acid
5-10%, .6-1.2%
100
what is the top dietary determinant of LDL cholesterol
meats, whole milk products, and tropical oils
101
is 0 saturated fat possible
no
102
__ fat increases LDL
trans fat
103
how do you control trans fat intake
limit hydrogenated foods
104
what are two health effects of saturated fats, trans fats, and cholesterol
cancer and obesity
105
linoleic acid is inked to Omega-__fatty acid and sources include
6, vegetables oils and meats
106
linolenic acid is linked to Omega-__ fatty acid
3
107
can omega 3 be made in the body
no it must be suppled by food
108
describe the mediterranean diet
low in saturated fat, very low in trans fat, rich in unsaturated fat, rich in complex carbohydrate and fiber, and rich in nutrients and phytochemicals
109
saturated fatty acids raise blood cholesterol levels as must as cholesterol itself T/F
true
