Exam 1 - Axial skeleton muscle and joint interactions

Question 1

once the spinal nerve exits the foramen, the nerve divides into a ___ and a ___ ramus

Answer 1

once the spinal nerve exits the foramen, the nerve divides into a ventral and a dorsal ramus

Question 2

dorsal ramus forms nerves that innervate…

Answer 2

muscles/joints/skin of the posterior trunk and neck

Question 3

ventral ramus generally forms nerves that innervate…

Answer 3

muscle/joints/skin of anterior/lateral trunk, neck and extremities

Question 4

t/f
ventral ramus becomes an individual nerve or plexus

Answer 4

true

Question 5

t/f
dorsal ramus branches from every spinal nerve root

Answer 5

true

Question 6

what are the 4 major plexi that are formed by the vental ramus

Answer 6

C1-4 cervical
C5-T1 thoracic
T12-L4 lumbar
L4-S4 sacral

Question 7

where does the dorsal ramus innervate

Answer 7

structures in the posterior trunk
dermatomes in the posterior trunk
ligs posterior side of vertebrae
capsule of facets

Question 8

what does the ventral ramus innervate

Answer 8

individual intercostal and recurrent meningeal

Question 9

strength of a muscle action =

Answer 9

the distance and spatial orientation of the muscle’s line of force relative to the axis of rotation

Question 10

internal torque (I torque) =

Answer 10

muscle function (MF) + muscle action (MA)

Question 11

t/f
gravity is considered the prime flexor during trunk flexion

Answer 11

true

Question 12

what are the superficial layers of muscles of the back

Answer 12

trapezius
latissimus dorsi
rhomboids
levator scapula
serratus anterior

Question 13

what is the intermediate layer of muscles of the back

Answer 13

serratus posterior superior
serratus posterior inferior

Question 14

what is the deep layer of muscles of the back

Answer 14

erector spinae group (spinalis, longissimus, iliocostalis)

transversospinal group (semispinalis, multifidi, rotatores)

short segments group (interspinalis, intertransversarius muscles)

Question 15

what are the attachments made by the common tendon of the erector spinae

Answer 15

spinal tubercles of the sacrum

spinous process and supraspinous ligaments in lower thoracic and lumbar region

iliac crest

sacrotuberous and sacroiliac ligaments

gluteus max

multifidi

Question 16

what is the deepest muscle of the back

Answer 16

roratores

Question 17

what muscles are rich in muscle spindles

Answer 17

interspinalis muscles, intertransversarius muscles

Question 18

t/f
the multifidi in the lumbosacral region attaches inferiorly to the capsule of apophyseal joint

Answer 18

true

Question 19

What are the muscles of the anterior-lateral trunk

Answer 19

rectus abdominis
obliquus externus abdominis
obliquus internus abdominis
transversus abdominis

Question 20

what is the function of the muscles of the anterior-lateral trunk

Answer 20

support and protect viscera
increase intrathoracic and intra-abdominal pressure

Question 21

anterior and posterior rectus sheaths forms the ___

Answer 21

linea alba

Question 22

where is the attachment of for the rectus abdominis

Answer 22

5-7 cartilaginous portion of ribs
xiphoid process
crest of pubis

Question 23

what is the function of the rectus abdominis

Answer 23

flexes the thorax and upper lumbar spine
tilts the pelvis posterior

Question 24

what is the function of the rectus abdominis

Answer 24

flexes the thorax and upper lumbar spine
tilts the pelvis posterior

Question 25

what is the funciton of the external obliques

Answer 25

lateral felxor and contralateral rotator bilateral trunk flexor posterior tilt of pelvis

Question 26

how do external obliques run

Answer 26

inferior and medial

Question 27

how do interal obliques run

Answer 27

cranially and medially

Question 28

what is the function of the internal obliques

Answer 28

ipsilateral rotator lateral flexor bilateral flexion of trunk posterior pelvic tilt

Question 29

what are the attachments of the transversus abdominis

Answer 29

ribs iliac crest inguinal ligament TL fascia

Question 30

what is the function of the transversus abdominis

Answer 30

stabilization for other abdominal muscles increases tension TL fascia compression of abdominal cavity

Question 31

what muscle is the deepest core muscle

Answer 31

transversus abdominis

Question 32

(flexors/extensors) have a higher mass overall and have vertically aligned fibers

Answer 32

extensors

Question 33

what are the attachments of the quadratus lumborus

Answer 33

illiac crest iliolumbar ligament

Question 34

what is the function of the quadratus lumborum

Answer 34

bilateral contraction - extension and vertical stabilization unilateral contraction - lateral flexion

Question 35

what muscle can be described as the "hip hiker"

Answer 35

quadratus lumborum

Question 36

what is the function of the iliopsoas

Answer 36

hip flexor (anterior pelvis tilt and lumbar extension) lateral flexion of trunk

Question 37

where is the flexion moment arm of the psoas major

Answer 37

L5-S1

Question 38

what 2 muscles in the lumbar spine stabilize when contracted

Answer 38

quadratus lumborum and iliopsoas

Question 39

what is the passive system

Answer 39

bony structures, ligaments, joint capsule, discs sends feedback to neural subsystem about joint positions and challenges to stabilize at the passive level

Question 40

what is the active system

Answer 40

muscles and tendons

Question 41

what is the neural subsystem

Answer 41

receives and transmits information form and to other 2 systems to manage spinal stability

Question 42

t/f neuromuscular control is not affected with patients with LBP

Answer 42

false neuromuscular control is affected in patients with LBP and should be considered in a core stabilization program

Question 43

what 2 local muscles are considered primary stabilizers

Answer 43

transversus abdominis multifidi

Question 44

what local muscles are considered secondary stabilizers

Answer 44

internal obliques quadratus lumborum diaphragm pelvic floor muscles iliocostalis

Question 45

what are the global muscles of the core

Answer 45

rectus abdominis psoas major erector spinae iliocostalis

Question 46

what are the intrinsic muscle stabilizers of the trunk

Answer 46

semispinalis multifidi rotatores interspinalis intertransversarius

Question 47

what are the extrinsic muscle stabilizers of the trunk

Answer 47

rectus abdominis obliques transversus abdominis erector spinae quadratus lumborum psoas major

Question 48

describe the short deep local muscles of the trunk

Answer 48

controls precise alignment and stiffness high density muscles spindles

Question 49

describe the global/extrinsic muscles

Answer 49

longer muscles important torque generators provide strong links between regions

Question 50

describe the relationship between the transversus abdominis muscles, the SI joint mechanics, and low back pain

Answer 50

contraction of the transversus abdominis decreases laxity of the SI joint including TA contraction decreases LBP

Question 51

what are the 2 phases of a full sit up

Answer 51

trunk flexion phase hip flexion phase

Question 52

what is the main muscle activated during the trunk flexion phase of a full sit up

Answer 52

rectus abdominis

Question 53

what is the main muscle activated during the hip flexion phase of the sit up

Answer 53

hip felxor muscles

Question 54

t/f a full sit up places more pressure in discs/more spine flexion

Answer 54

true

Question 55

what muscles will compensate during a full sit up if the patient has relatively weak abs

Answer 55

hip flexors pt is at risk for shear

Question 56

what are come negative consequences of heavy lifting

Answer 56

generates large compression/tension/shear forces may exceed structural tolerance

Question 57

injury at macro or microscopic level can lead to

Answer 57

inflammatory cytokines and low back pain

Question 58

predicted compression force at L5-S1 disc as function of ____ and the ___

Answer 58

load size, distance the loads are held

Question 59

describe the stoop lift

Answer 59

long external movement arm of load higher forces of trunk extensors needed compression and shear forces large spine flexion - risk to disc

Question 60

describe the squat lift

Answer 60

lumbar spine may stay extended reduced moment arm of load - less trunk extensor torque larger demand on knees requires higher work metabolically

Question 61

what are mechanical/structural factors that favor a herniated NP in the lumbar spine

Answer 61

preexisting disc degeneration hydrated NP capable of exerting high pressure inability of posterior annulus to resist pressure from migrating NP sustained/repetitive load applied over flexed and rotated spine