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Biomechanics II > Thoracolumbar osteology and arthrology - Exam 1 > Flashcards

Thoracolumbar osteology and arthrology - Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the purpose of the osteology of the vertebrae and ribs

A

provides vertical stability
protects spinal cord
protects ventral and dorsal verve roots and exiting spinal nerve

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2
Q

what are the 3 divisions of the vertebrae

A

vertebral body
posterior elements
pedicles

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3
Q

what is the purpose of the vertebral body

A

anterior
primary WB component

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4
Q

what are the posterior elements of the vertebrae

A

transverse spinous process, laminae, articular process

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5
Q

what are the pedicles of the vertebrae

what are their purposes

A

bridge that connects body-posterior elements
thick/strong
transfers muscles forces applied to posterior elements for dispersion across the body/disc

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6
Q

what type of shoes would alter the line of gravity throughout the body

how do they change the line of gravity

A

high heels
put the line of gravity behind the body

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7
Q

what is the overall purpose of the ligaments throughout the spine

A

limit motion
help maintain natural curves
protect the spinal cord/nerve roots by stabilizing the spine
different strengths and functions

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8
Q

what is the function of the the ligamentous flavum

where is it located

A

resists end ROM flexion

posterior to spinal cord

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9
Q

where is the interspinous ligament located

A

between adjacent spinous processes and blends with ligamentum flavum

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10
Q

where is the supraspinous ligament located

A

between tips of spinous processes

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11
Q

when is the intertransverse ligament taught

A

contralateral flexion

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12
Q

where does the anterior longitudinal ligament run

what is its function

A

occiput to scarum

fiber reinforce anterior disc

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13
Q

where does the posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL)

what is its function

A

C2-sacrum in the canal

blends with and reinforces posterior discs

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14
Q

what is the function of the capsular ligaments

A

connect facets and stabilize

reinforce by adjacent muscle (multifidus)

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15
Q

t/f
loss of intervertebral stiffness can lead to abnormal and increased intervertebral motion

A

true

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16
Q

what is the neutral zone

A

amount of intervertebral movement that occurs with the least passive resistance form the surrounding tissues

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17
Q

what can increase the neutral zone

A

injury or weakness of surrounding tissues

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18
Q

t/f
marked or chronic instability will not cause further injury

A

false

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19
Q

what is expected if the neutral zone grows larger as disc degeneration/ligamentous injury occurs

A

more laxity/instability in the spine
high stress placed on stabilizing systems

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20
Q

how can core stability be viewed

A

segmental level ad the whole spine level

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21
Q

the neutral zone ____ with injury and degeneration

A

increase

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22
Q

the neutral zone ____ with muscle force

A

decreases

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23
Q

how does DDD alter the spine

A

increases pain and hypermobility of the spine
influences motion of the whole spine

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24
Q

what is the effect of marked/chronic spinal instability

A

can cause further injury to local ligaments

injury to facets, discs, neural structures

loss of pain free ORM

can be surgical

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25
what is the function of the passive system what structures are included
sends feedback to the neural subsystem about joint position challenges to stability at the passive level bony structures, ligaments, joint capsules, discs, passive portion of musculotendinous units
26
what structures are included in the active system
muscles and tendons subject of core exercises
27
what is the function of the neural subsystem
receives and transmits information from/to active/passive systems to manage spine stability
28
what patients could have compromised neural subsystem
patients with LBP must be considered in core stabilization program
29
describe how T1 and T10-12 are atypical when compared to the other thoracic vertebra
T1: full costal attachment and demi T10-T12: full costal attachmenti
30
what plane are the superior/inferior articular facets of the T spine oriented
frontal plane
31
what are the 3 types of ribs and where are the located
true ribs (1-7) false ribs (8-10) floating ribs (11-12)
32
what is the shape of the vertebral foramen in the thoracic spine
circular
33
what is the shape of the lumbar vertebrae vertebral foramen
flattened triangle
34
what section of the spine is the vertebral body the largest
lumbar
35
how do articular facets of the lumbar region orient
vertically
36
what joins the 5 segments of the sacrum in children
cartilaginous membrane fuses by adulthood
37
what are the 3 functional components of typical intervertebral joints
transverse/spinous processes apophyseal joints interbody joint
38
what is the funciton of the transverse/spinous process
mechanical levers that increase mechanical leverage of muscles and ligaments
39
what is the function of the apophyseal joints
guiding intervertebral motion
40
what is the funciton of the interbody/intervertebral joint
absorb and distribute load highest adhesion between vertebrae houses axes of rotation spacer provides passage for nerves
41
describe apophyseal joints
lined with articular cartilage enclosed by synovial capsule mechanical barricades
42
what sections of the spine most frequently have small and inconsistently formed accessory structures
upper cervical and lumbar
43
what 2 structures make up the disc
nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosis
44
describe the nucleus pulposus make up
pulplike gel mid to posterior aspect of disk 70-90% water in youth
45
what is the purpose of the NP of the disc
hydraulic shock absorbing system dissipates and transfers loads across consecutive vertebrae gel-like, GAGs
46
describe the annulus fibrosis
concentric rings of collagen fibers on the outer portion of the disc prevents distraction/shear/torsion outer layer contains disc contains sensory nerves only outer portion binds to ALL and PLL
47
describe the vertebral end plates
cartilaginous caps over superior/inferior surface of vertebral bodies binds to AF limited healing at disc d/t limited blood supply allows for diffusion of oxygen and glucose
48
what can cause reduced permeability through the intervertebral disc
degenerative changes
49
how are intervertebral and apophyseal joints protected from compressive forces
compressive forces produce hydrostatic pressure in disc and evenly distribute load
50
reduced permeability of the intervertebral disc can cause..
inhibition of proteoglycan syntheses less proteoglycans = less water less ability to absorb and transfer loads
51
what can cause reduced permeability to the disc
excessive/abnormal loads aging
52
how does the load sharing system of the IVD work
end plates are pushed toward NP collagen/elastin rings resist/balance force viscoelastic
53
how are IVDs viscoelastic
resist a fast/strongly applied load less resitance to slow.light compression flexible with low loads, rigid at high loads
54
sustained and full lumbar (flexion/extension) reduces pressure in discs and can allow water to be resorbed into the disc
extension
55
what is spinal coupling
any movement of the spine in a plane is combined with an automatic and imperceptible movement in another plane
56
what is the normal ROM of throacic flexion/extension
flexion: 30-40 extension: 15-20 total: 45-60
57
what is the normal ROM of axial rotation
25-35
58
what is the normal ROM of lateral flexion
25-30
59
how do ribs move during inspiration
shaft of rib elevates upward and outward
60
t/f elevation of the rib increases AP and ML diameters of the throax
true
61
describe how the rib moves during elevation
head and neck of rib rotate
62
L1-L4 facets are oriented in what plane
facets are vertical sagittal plane bias
63
L5-S1 junction facets are oriented in what plane
frontal plane
64
___ degrees of lordosis of the lumbar spine
40-50 degrees
65
what is BWs
shear force of body weight directed parallel to the superior surface of the sacrum
66
what is BWc
force of body weight directed perpendicular to the superior surface of sacrum
67
what muscles contract for an anterior tilt of the pelvis
contraction of hip flexors and back extensors
68
what muscles contract for an posterior tilt of pelvis
contraction of hip extensors and abs
69
what position would the pelvis rotate when kicking a soccer ball on the kicking leg
posterior tilt
70
what position would the pelvis rotate when extending a leg back
anterior tilt
71
what structures resist shear at L5/S1
disc capsule of facets ALL wide and sturdy facets
72
how many degrees of flexion is normal in the lumbar spine
45-55
73
how many degrees of exension is normal in the lumbar spine
15-25
74
how many degrees of axial rotation is normal in the lumbar spine
5-7
75
how many degrees of lateral flexion is normal in the lumbar spine
20
76
what plane has dominance in the lumbar spine and why
sagittal plane sagittal plane orientation of facets
77
describe the osteokinematics of L3-L4 flexion
inferior facts of L3 slide superior/anterior superior facet of L4 slides inferior/posterior
78
flexion of the lumbar spine causes compression on the ___ aspects of the disc and vertebral bodies
anterior
79
flexion of the lumbar spine causes the NP to move (anterior/posterior)
posterior
80
describe the arthrokinematics of L3-L4 extension
inferior facet of L3 slides inferior/posterior superior facet of L4 slides superior/anterior
81
full lumbar extension causes inferior articular facets to slide ___ beyond he joint surface
inferior
82
t/f full lumbar flexion reduces pressure within the disc and reduces contact pressure between disc materials and neural tissue
false full lumbar extension reduces pressure within the disc and reduces contact pressure between disc materials and neural tissue
83
in the early phases, trunk extension occurs to a greater extent through extension of the ____
hips
84
what are some hip extensor muscles
gluteus maximus and hamstrings
85
in the middle phase, trunk extension occurs through the activation of what 2 muscle groups
hip extensors lumbar extensors
86
explain the arthrokinematics of axial rotation of the lumbar spine
ipsilateral facet gaps and capsular stretch contralateral facet impacts
87
>__ degrees at any lumbar segment would damage facet surface and tear AF
3 degrees
88
how many degrees of motion is normal for lateral felxion of the lumbar spine
20 degrees

Biomechanics II (7 decks)

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