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Biomechanics II > Knee kinematics > Flashcards

Knee kinematics Flashcards

(71 cards)

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1
Q

what structures are included in the anterior portion of the knee capsule

A

patella and tendon

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2
Q

what muscles reinforce the anterior portion of the knee capsule

A

quads

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3
Q

what connective tissues reinforce the anterior portion of the knee capsule

A

extensions of the ITB, vastus lateralis and medius

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4
Q

what connective tissues reinforce the lateral portion of the capsule

A

LCL
lat patellar retinacular fibers
ITB

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5
Q

what muscles reinforce the lateral portion of the capsule

A

biceps femoris
tendon popliteus
lat head of gastroc

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6
Q

what connective tissue reinforces to posterior portion of the knee capsule

A

oblique popliteal lig
arcuate popliteal lig

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7
Q

what muscles reinforce the posterior portion of the knee capsule

A

popliteus
fastrocs
hamstrings

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8
Q

what connective tissue supports the posterior lateral knee capsule

A

arcuate popliteal ig
LCL
popliteofibular lig

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9
Q

what muscles support the posterior lateral capsule of the knee

A

tendon of popliteus

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10
Q

what sesamoid bone in the posterolateral capsule of the knee varies widely in humans

A

fabella

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11
Q

the anterior 1/3 of the medial capsule is reinforced by what structures

A

thin layer of fascia
medial patellar retinacular fibers

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12
Q

the middle 1/3 of the medial knee capsule is reinforced by which structures

A

medial pat retinacular fibers
superficial and deep MCL

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13
Q

the posterior 1/3 of the medial knee capsule is reinforced by which structures

A

starting neard adductor tubercle blendin with SM tendinosis expansion and posterior capsule and posterior oblique ligament

reinforced by pes anserine

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14
Q

what muscles reinforce the medial portion of the knee capsule

A

SM
SGT
pes anserine

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15
Q

describe the synovial joint of the knee

A

internal capsule lined with synovial membrane
14 bursa at inter-tissue junctions
suprapatellar and deep infrapatellar fat pads

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16
Q

describe the tibiofemoral joint

A

large convex femoral condyles and flat, smaller tibial plateuas

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17
Q

what is the function of the menisci in the tibiofemoral joints

A

menisci act as gaskets to form seats for the femoral condyles

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18
Q

where are the menisci anchored to the intercondylar region of the tibia

A

anterior/posterior horns

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19
Q

the external edge of each meniscus is attached to tibia and the capsule by ___ ligs

what are the ligs functions

A

coronary

ligs are loose and allow pivoting

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20
Q

what structure connects the anterior/posterior horns and the coronary ligaments anteriorly

A

transverse ligaments

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21
Q

what are the secondary mm that attach to the menisci

A

quads
semimembranosus
popliteus to lateral

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22
Q

what does the medial menisci attach to

A

MCL and adjacent capsule

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23
Q

what does the lateral menisci attach to

A

lateral capsule

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24
Q

what structure passes between the LCL and lateral meniscus

A

popliteus

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25
what is the "red zone" of the menisci
the outer 1/3 of the menisci the area of the menisci that receives blood supply
26
what arteries supply the menisci
genicular arteries (branches off the popliteal artery)
27
what is the "white zone" of the menisci
inner 2/3 of the menisci area that is avascular
28
what is responsible for supplying nutrition to the menisci
synovial fluid
29
how do the menisci change during weight-bearing activities
meniscus deforms peripherally and creates tensile stress
30
list the order of increasing stress with walking, stepping, up stairs, or cycling on the menisci
cycling < walking < going up stairs
31
compete lateral meniscectomy increases peak contact pressure ___%
230%
32
__% of load goes through the lateral mensici and __% goes through meniscus
70% in lateral 50% in medial
33
what are the secondary functional considerations of the tibiofemoral joint
stabilizing join during motion lubricating articular cartilage providing proprioception help guide arthrokinematics
34
list some of the most common mechanisms of injury of the tibiofemoral joint
forceful, axial roation of the femoral condyles over a flexed WB knee dislodged/folded flap can mechanically block knee motion medial injured twice as frequently - valgus force risk increases with ligamentous laxity and malalignment
35
what is the normal range of flexion of knee flexion
130-150 degrees
36
what is the normal range of hyperextension of the knee
5-10
37
how does the IAR or "evolute" have biomechanical implications
lengthens the moment arm of flexors and extensors musculature brace might piston - need align to the "average" axis of the lateral epicondyle
38
describe the axis of axial rotation of the knee
longitudinal axis through tibia
39
at 90 degrees of knee flexion, what is the normal range of axial rotation
40-45 degrees
40
ER _:_ exceeds IR
2:1
41
how is the rotation of the tibiofemoral joint named
named by the position of tibial tuberosity relative to the anterior distal femur
42
describe the arthrokinematics of tibia-on-femoral extension
tibia rolls and slides anteriorly on fenur meniscus pulled anteriorly by quads
43
describe the arthrokineamtics of femoral-on-tibia extension
femoral condyles roll anteriorly and slide posteriorly on tibia quads direct the roll and stabilize the meniscus vs posterior shear of the femur
44
describe "screw home"
full extension requires 10 degrees ER during last 30 degrees of extension increases joint congruence/stability open chain ER, CC femur IR
45
what is "screw home" driven by
shape of the femoral condyle passive tension in ACL slight lateral pull of quads
46
what motion causes the unlocking IR first what muscle controls this
flexion unlocks IR first driven by popliteus
47
describe the arthrokinematics of IR/ER
knee must be flexed spin between menisci and articular surfaces of tibia and femur axial rotation of femur over tibia causes menisci to deform/compress popliteus and semimembranosus help stabilize
48
describe the superficial part of the MCL
well-defined parallel fibers medial epicondyle to medial patella to medial proximal tibia
49
describe the deep part of the MCL
slightly posterior and distal shorter and oblique attaches to capsule, medial meniscus, semimembranosus tendon
50
describe the LCL
short and chord like runs vertically from lateral epicondyle to fibular head does not attach to adjacent meniscus blends with biceps femoris tendon
51
what structure runs between the lateral meniscus and the LCL
tendon of popliteus
52
what is the primary function of the MCL and LCL
limit motion in frontal plane
53
MCL resists __ force when the knee is extended
valgus
54
LCL resists ___ force when the knee is extended
varus
55
what is the secondary function of the LCL and MCL
provide general stabilizing tension protecting against rotation extremes
56
describe the blood supply to the ACL and PCL and how it affects the healing process
limited blood supply slows healing process
57
what is the function of the ACL and PCL
resist extremes of all motions primarily resists AP shear forces between tibia and femur
58
t/f the ACL and PCL help to guide arthrokinematics and provides proprioceptive feedback via mechanoreceptors
true
59
when is the ACL most taut
some fibers taut in flx but increasingly taut as reach ext
60
how does the ACL run
runs posterior superior and lateral to medial side of lateral epicondyle
61
what muscle is responsible for pulling tibia anterior during ext what is the effect on the ACL
quads pull tibia ant last 50-60 degrees ext tension on ACL limits slide
62
what is the anterior drawer test why is this test used to test the ACL
leg is at 90 degrees PT pulls proximal tibai anterior ACL is 85% of passive resistance to anterior glide
63
what muscle, if contracted incorrectly, affects the results of the anterior drawer test why/how
hamstring spasm will prevent tibia from anterior glide if the ACL is damaged d/t the attachment of the hamstrings on the tibial and fibula head
64
__% of sports-related to ACL are noncontact
70%
65
what are some mechanisms of injury to the ACL
strong quad activation valgus collapse excessive ER hyperextension
66
when is the PCL most taught
knee flexion
67
explain the posterior drawer test
proximal end of tibia posterior knees in 90 degrees knees sag at 90 degrees hip/knee flexion
68
what are the common mechanisms on injury to the PCL
high energy trauma falling onto a fully flexed knee - "dashboard injury"
69
what muscle is the stabilizer of the patellofemoral joint
quad
70
tibial on femoral patella slides relative to
fixed trochlear groove
71
femoral on tibial (squat) the trochlear groove slides relative to
fixed patellla

Biomechanics II (7 decks)

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