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Biomechanics II > Exam 2 - hip musculature > Flashcards

Exam 2 - hip musculature Flashcards

1
Q

what general area does the lumbar plexus innervate

A

anterior/medial thigh

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2
Q

what general area does the sacral plexus innervate

A

posterior/lateral hip
posterior thigh
entire lower leg

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3
Q

what is the sensory innervation of the anterior hip capsule

A

femoral and obturator nerves (lumbar plexus)

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4
Q

what is the sensory innervation of the posterior hip capsule

A

sacral plexus

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5
Q

what are the nerve roots of the femoral nerve

what muscles are innervated by the femoral nerve

A

L2-4

most hip flexors
- proximal to inguinal ligament: psoas and iliacus
- distal to inguinal ligament: sartorius, pectineus, quads
all knee extensors
sensory anterior-medial thigh

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6
Q

what are the nerve roots of the obturator nerve

A

L2-4

hip adductors
obturator externus
sensory medial thigh

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7
Q

what nerves originate from the sacral plexus

A

superior gluteal nerve
inferior gluteal nerve
nerve to piriformis
sciatic nerve
nerve to obturator internus and gemellus superior
nerve to quadratus femoris and gemellus inferior

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8
Q

what are the primary muscles that flex the hip

A

iliopsoas
sartorius
tensor fascia latae
rectus femoris
adductor longus
pectineus

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9
Q

what are the secondary muscles that flex the hip

A

adductor brevis
gracilis
anterior fibers of gluteus minimus

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10
Q

what muscles attaches to the TP at T12/discs and blend with anterior portion of the femoral head and lesser trochanter

A

iliopsoas and psoas minor

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11
Q

what is the funciton of the iliopsoas

A

prominent femoral-on-hip flexor and flexor of trunk/pelvis over fixed thighs

swing phase of walk/run

frontal plane stability of lumbar spine bilateral contraction

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12
Q

describe the sartorius

A

longest muscle in the body

ASIS to medial proximal tibia

trailor’s muscle

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13
Q

what is the funciton of the sartorius

A

hip flx, abd, er

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14
Q

describe the tensor fascia latae

what is its function

A

ilium to IT band
flexor/abd of hip
IR only from ER

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15
Q

describe the fascia latae of the thigh

A

glute max and TFL attachments
circles the thigh
forms facial sheets of intermuscular septa
ITB forms thickened deeper portion

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16
Q

describe the rectus femoris

what is its function

A

between the sartorius and TFL
AIIS and superior rim of acetabulum/capsule to tibia

primary knee extensor

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17
Q

describe the pelvic on femoral hip flexion with an anterior pelvic tilt

A

force couple with femurs fixed
lumbar lordosis
load increases on facets
increased anterior shear force at L5/S1
often simultaneous with knee flexion to shorten limb
moderate-high power coactivation of hip flexors and abdominals

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18
Q

what muscles prevent the anterior tilt of the pelvis during contraction of the rectus abdominis

A

inferior pull of the hup flexor muscles

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19
Q

if the rectus abdominis has reduced activation, what muscle causes an anterior tilt of the pelvis

A

hip flexor muscles

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20
Q

__% less hip extension in 75-86 y/o gait

A

30%

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21
Q

what is the functional importance of a fully extendable hip

A

disruption of normal biomechanics in walking/standing

NLs standing very little energy

hip extension strengthening, hip felxion stretching, activation of the abdominals, capsular ligaments stretched in closed packed (ABD/IR)

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22
Q

what are the primary muscles that work to adduct the hip

A

pectinus
adductor longus
gracilis
adductor brevis
adductor magnus

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23
Q

what are the secondary muscles that work to adduct the hip

A

biceps femoris long head
gluteus maximus inferior fibers
quadratus femoris
obturator externus

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24
Q

what are the superficial muscles that work to adduct the hip

A

pectineus
adductor longus
gracilis

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25
Q

what is the middle layer of muscles that work to adduct the hip

A

adductor brevis

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26
Q

what is is the deep layer of muscles that adduct the hip

A

adductor magnus

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27
Q

when crossing over the right leg over the left leg to kick a ball, how do the adductors contract

A

concentric adduction on R and L

eccentric activation of the L gluteus medius to help control the velocity and extent of drop of the abducting left hip

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28
Q

weakness of the ___ may place valgus strain on the LE and risk ACL

A

glute med
ERs
foot position

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29
Q

when hip is near full flexion, _____ assist extension

A

adductors

30
Q

when hip is near full extension, ____ assist flexors

A

adductors

31
Q

what muscle group is important in high-power cyclical motions like sprinting, cycling, deep squat, and running up a hill and are susceptible to injury/soreness with running/jumping/changing directions

A

adductors

32
Q

t/f
in anatomical position, there are no perfectly positioned internal rotators

A

true

33
Q

what are the secondary internal rotators of the hip

A

anterior fibers of glute min/med
TFL
addutor longus/brevis
pectineus

34
Q

what muscles becomes an internal rotator past 60 degrees

A

piriformis

35
Q

__-__ degrees of hip flexion, the internal rotatores increase in torque d/t angle change

A

60-90 degrees

36
Q

what is the function of the internal rotators during gait

A

rotate pelvis on the femur

37
Q

what is different in those with cerebral palsy

A

excessively internally rotated and flexed (“crouched”) gait

38
Q

what occurs with poor control/weakness of hip extensor muscles

A

flexed posture of hip
exaggerates the internal rotation torque potential

39
Q

the ___ internal rotators help drive the left swing leg when walking uphil or increasing stride length

A

right

40
Q

what muscles rotate the pelvis in the horizontal plane over a fixed femur

A

tensor fasciae latae
anterior fibers of the gluteus minimus
gluteus medius
adductor longus

41
Q

what are the primary muscles that extend the hip

A

gluteus maximus
hamstrings
posterior head of adductor magnus

42
Q

what are the secondary muscles that extend the hip

A

middle and posterior fibers gluteus medius
anterior fibers of adductor magnus

43
Q

> __ degrees of flexion most adductors can assist with extension

A

> 70 degrees

44
Q

what innervates the gluteus maximus

A

inferior gluteal nerve

45
Q

what nerve innervates the hamstrings

A

sciatic nerve (tibial part L5-S2)

46
Q

what nerves innervate the posterior head of adductor magnus

A

posterior division of obturator nerve
L2-4

47
Q

what are the attachment sites for the gluteus max

A

ilium
sacrum
coccyx
ST and posterior SIJ ligs
IT band
TFL
gluteal tuberosity

48
Q

what is the function of the gluteus Maximus

A

extensor
external rotator
stabilizes SIJ and lumbar region

49
Q

where do the hamstrings run

A

IT to tibia and fibula

50
Q

what is the funciton of the hamstrings

A

extend hip
flex knee

51
Q

describe the pelvic on femoral hip extension

A

fixed femurs
hip extensors and abdominal muscles contract

52
Q

what are the 2 phases of forward lean

A

slight and significant

53
Q

describe the slight forward lean of the body

A

COG still in pelvic girdle
minimum activation from glute max and hamstrings

54
Q

describe a significant forward lean of the body

A

COG out
increase of hamstrings, not glute max

55
Q

how do the hamstrings work during a forward lean of the body

A

forward lean increases moment arm of hamstrings
increased passive tension on hamstrings

56
Q

what are the primary hip abductors

A

gluteus medius
gluteus minimus
tensor fascia latae

57
Q

what are the attachments of the gluteus medius

A

ilium to greater trochanter

58
Q

what are the attachments of the gluteus minimus

A

ilium to greater trochanter
blends with capsule hip joint

59
Q

what are the secondary hip abductors

A

piriformis
sartorius
rectus femoris

60
Q

describe how the hip abductors work in the frontal plane to stabilize while walking

A

stance phase hip abductors stabilize pelvis over fixed femur to keep pelvis from dropping

61
Q

describe the production of compression force at the hip by the hip abductors

A

seesaw with femoral head as fulcrum
need static rotatory equilibrium

with every step, the force at the joint is combined forces of abduction muscles and body weight

62
Q

walking up to _-_x body weight d/t acceleration of pelvis over femur

running _-_x body weight

A

walking: 3-4x body weight
running: 5-6x body weight

63
Q

t/f
normal bone structure disperses force but arthritic may not be able to

A

true

64
Q

when is max capacity of the hip abductors

A

just beyond neutral (stretched)
position of unilateral stance

same position where the ITB has some passive tension d/t slight stretch

65
Q

what are the primary hip external rotators

A

gluteus maximus
5/6 short external rotatores

66
Q

what are the secondary hip external rotators

A

posterior fibers of glut med/min
obturator externus
sartorius
long head of biceps femoris

67
Q

what are the 6 short external rotators

A

piriformis
obturator internus
gemellus inferior
gemellus inferior
quadratus femoris
obturator externus

68
Q

describe pelvic on femoral rotation

A

ER muscles rotate the pelvis over the femur

R LE planted and ER contraction will rotate the anterior side of the pelvis and trunk to the side of the pelvis and trunk to the left (contralateral to the rotators)

69
Q

t/f
glute max can ER and extend for turn and push off during a “cut” in a sport

A

true

70
Q

explain planting and “cutting” in sports

A

adductors and IR can eccentrically decelerate, but can be prone to strain

Biomechanics II (7 decks)

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