Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Anatomy > Exam 1- Back > Flashcards

Exam 1- Back Flashcards

(89 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Peau D’Orange

A

Orange like skin- Dimpling of skin of breat due to cutaneous lymphatic edema. From lymphatic tissue blockage from a cancerous tumor.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Retracted nipple

A

From a cancerous mass causing a retraction of the milk ducts.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Dimpling of Skin

A

From a cancerous mass on a suspensory ligament causing a pull of one part of the skin in the breast.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Extrinsic Back Muscles

A

Consist of the Superficial and Intermediate layers of back muscles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Triangle of Ausculatation

A

Listening section of the back bordered by the vertebral border of the scapula, superior border of the latissimus dorsi, and the lateral border of the trapezius.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Lordosis

A

Cervical and Lumbar regions- inward curvature of the spine (spine towards stomach)
80% are ideopathic and the remaining are neuromuscular in origin.
Associated with weak trunk muscles, pregnancy, or beer belly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Kyphosis

A

Thoracic and Sacral regions- outward curvature of the spine, causing hunching of the back (spine away from stomach)
Common cause in from wedge fracture result of osteoporosis
Results from erosion of anterior part of vertebrae and cause an overall loss of height

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Scoliosis

A

Abnormal lateral curvature accompanied by rotation of vertebrae.
Asymmetric intrinsic back muscle weakness, difference in length of lower limbs, developmental defect in vertebrae.
Altered center of gravity, reduced lung function, can lead to equilibrium problems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Cervical Vertebrae Movements

A

Protraction (sticking chin out) cause extension of atlas and axis and flexion of C3-C7
Retraction (pulling chin in) cause flexion of atlas and axis and extension of C3-C7
Lateral Flexion naturally causes the head to turn and look down and in the direction of the tilt. The atlas and axis naturally have rotation that keeps the face looking forward.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Spinal Regions with Most Ruptures

A

Cervical (most movement is here) and Lumbar (most weight stress in here,
T12 is the most fractured vertebra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Superficial Landmarks of the back

A

Roof of the spine of the scapula- T3
Inferior Angle of the Scapula- T7
Iliac Crest- L4-L5
External Occipital Protuberance (bump on head)
Spinous Processes (Visible parts of the vertebrae)
Iliac Crest- Hip Bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Importance of Surface Anatomy

A

Helps determine locations of organs and other parts of the body that are deep to the skin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Purpose of Curvature of the Spine

A

The curvature of the spine is there to protect against damages from shock and therefore prevents lectute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Spinous Process and Transcerse Process

A

Mostly serve as connections for the ligaments and muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Vertebral Artery

A

Passes through the Transverse Foramen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Dens or Odontoid Process

A

(Teeth… Dontoid) The bone of the axis that sticks up through the atlas.
If the Atlas shifts too much on the Axis, it could sever the spinal cord.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Atlanto-Axial Joint

A

The transverse ligaments limit rotational events by essentials oally hugging the Odontoid Process
The atlanto-occipital, concave convex, part of the atlas permit movement to be able to say yes.
Atlanto-Axial Joint rocks back and forth
Axio-Occipital Joint is the rotation of the head as when indicating “no”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Thoracic Vertebrae

A

Looks kind of like a giraffe (to be able to distinguish it)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

T12

A

Looks kind of like a moose
Lumbar vertebrae don’t permit rotation. Therefore this vertebrae experiences the most stress since it’s the transition between the rotation of the thoracic and the lack thereof in the lumbar.
Most fractured vertebrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

L5

A

Occasionally fuses into Sacrum making 1 more sacrum and 1 fewer Lumbar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Intervertebral Discs (IV Discs)

A 
A lot like jelly donuts.
Nucleus Pulposus (jelly) and Anulus Fibrosus (dough) make up the IV discs.
Can grow a half inch over night since they are compressed during the day.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Herniated Disc

A

The Nucleus Pulposus (jelly) squirts out of the Anulus Fibrosus (dough) and causes nerve pain by pressing against parts of the nerves.
Herniation of the nucleus pulposus of an IV disc usually occurs posterolaterally.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

IV Disc most prone to rupture

A

Lumbo-Sacral Joint- Between L5 and S1
Drastic change from lordotic to kyphotic curve
More lordosis in the lumbar can increase the likelihood of a rupture (pregnancy, beer belly, or obesity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Spinal Fractures

A

Stress fracture of the Pars Interarticularis is the most common type of fracture resulting in back pain in adolescents
The Lamina is the weakest part of the vertebrae
Spondylolysis is a common break and spondylolythesis is where there is a break with a shift (most common in young girls who are doing gymnastics)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Scottie Dog
This is Spondylolysis- a defect through the pars interarticularis (a narrow strip of bone located between the lamina and inferior articular process below, and the pedicle and superior articular process above) It is most common at the L5 vertebral segment If Scottie has a collar, then there is a fracture.
26
Lactiferous Ducts
Openings are in the nipples Generally 15-20 The ducts that provided milk for the child
27
Lactiferous Sinus
The collection of milk that squirts out to encourage the child to continue drinking.
28
Mammary
The lymph nodes around the nipple and areola are collected and sampled by the body
29
Suspensory Ligaments
Greatly contribute the the "perkiness"/"nonsagginess" of the breast.
30
Lymphatic Drainage
Drain into the following groups of lymph nodes Axillary (5 subgroups) (75%) drainage Parasternal (Along Internal Thoracic Vein) (20%) Supraclavicular Posterior Intercostal Lymph Nodes are arranged along all of the arteries and veins
31
Difference between Cyst and Carcinoma
Cysts are well defined smooth opacity | Carcinomas are irregular density, distortion of breast tissue, calcification
32
Supernumery Nipples
Nipples somewhere else on the milk line Polythelia (nipples over breast), Athelia (no nipple over breast), Polymastia (accessory breast along milk ridge), Amastia (no breast development), and Amazia (no nipple or breast development)
33
T4 and T10
Nipple and Belly button lines of innervations
34
Serratus Anterior Nerve
This nerve is exposed as it runs across the surface of the muscle. This is the "wing" muscle next to the ribs
35
Proximal, Distal
Proximal=Origin | Distal=Insertion
36
Intercostal Muscles
There are three layers of intercostal muscles: External Intercostal Muscles start back two thirds of the way around to the front with a small downward angle Internal Intercostal Muscles start front and run two thirds of the way around to the back. Innermost Intercostal Muscle essentially just sills the space in between VAN- In order Superior to Inferior- Vein, Artery, Nerve
37
Axilla
Functionally it's a large quadrangular space
38
Clavipectoral Fascia
Thick bilateral connective tissue structure deep to the pectoralis major muscle. Extends superiorly from the clavicle, medially from the costochondral joints, and superolaterally from the coracoid process. Converges with the axilla where it acts as a protective structure over the neurovascular structure of the axilla. Fascia can pinch nerves and cause problems. Parts of the fascia include the costocoracoid ligament, costocoracoid membrane, and suspensory ligament of the fascia
39
Axillary Sheath
Enclosed in it are the brachial plexus and veins and arteries.
40
Axillary Artery*************
Divided into three parts: 1-from sternum to medial side of pec minor- has just one vessel, Superior Thoracic Artery 2-the part just below pec minor- two vessels, Thoracoacromial Artery (4 branches: pectoral, deltoid, clavicular, and acromial) and Lateral Thoracic Artery (the most variation and supplies serratus anterior) 3-part of the lateral side of the pec minor- three vessels, Subscapular Artery, Anterior Circumflex Humeral Artery (Corocobrachialis and Biceps), and Posterior Circumflex Humeral Artery (Deltoid, Teres Major/Minor, Long Head of Triceps)
41
Axilla Nerves, Arteries, and Veins
Between people, Nerves are the most varied, veins are the least varied, and arteries are somewhere in between.
42
Anterior Rami
They basically contribute to all of the muscles that are not postural
43
Brachial Plexus Order
Randy Travis Drinks Cold Beer Roots, Trunk, Divisions, Cords, Branches Comes from C5, C6, C7, C8, T1 The Cords are the first section that we are able to see. 5 Roots, 3 Trunks, 6 Divisions, 3 Cords, 5 Branches Formed by the anterior rami of C5-T1. Which then unite to form 3 trunks: Superior (C5, C6), Middle (C7) , and Inferior (C8, T1). Each trunk divides into a posterior and anterior, making up 6 divisions as it passes through the cervico-axillary canal (posterior to the clavicle)- Anterior division supplies flexors and posterior provides extensors The division of the trunks for 3 cords: Lateral cord (anterior divisions of superior/middle), Medial cord (anterior division of the inferior trunk continues), and the Posterior cord (all of the posterior divisions)- Their names indicate where they are compared to the axillary artery.
44
Myotomes
The sets of muscles innervated by a given nerve | One of the most frequently injured nerves of the brachial plexus is the long thoracic
45
Fascia
Fascia is a continuous unit. This means that things that are distal in t he fascia can affect things that are proximal. The thickness is greatest over the flexor and extensor retinacula Three Components (Functions) of Fascia: Invests all of the muscles and prevents over expansion, Serves as an anchor, and Divides the limbs into functional compartments.
46
Dorsal Scapular Nerve
Innervates Rhomboid Major, Rhomboid Minor, and Levator Scapula
47
Erector Spinae Group
Iliocostalis, Longissimus, Spinalis
48
Naming of Spinal Nerves
C1-C7 Nerves- The vertebrae it lies superiorly to C8- Inferior to C7 T1 and Down- The vertebrae it lies inferiorly to. Associated Vertebrae
49
Pacemaker Placement
Retromammary Space- Between breast and Pectoralis Major
50
Vertebrae Prominens
C7
51
"Winged" Scapula
Damage to the long thoracic nerve of the shoulder. If the long thoracic nerve is damaged or bruised it can cause paralysis of the serratus anterior muscle and winging of the scapula Serratus Anterior muscle is the muscle used for boxing
52
Supraspinatus
Initiates abduction for the first 15 degrees
53
Quadrangular Space
Inside is the Axillary Nerve and the Posterior Humeral Circumflex Artery Bordered by the inferior border of teres minor muscle (superior), superior border of teres major muscle (inferior), long head of triceps brachii muscle (medial), and surgical neck of the humerus (lateral)
54
Pathway of the Arteries
Subclavian Artery ----> Axillary Artery ----> Brachial Artery ----> Radial Artery + Ulnar Artery.
55
Pathway of the Veins (technically reverse)
Subclavian Vein ----> Axillary Vein ----> Cephalic Vein AND Brachial Vein + Basilic Vein
56
Spinal Accessory Nerve
Innervates the Trapezius | When damage, loses muscular sensation and causes drooping, but does not cause a loss of sensation
57
Dermatome
The lateral wall of each somite in a vertebrate embryo, giving rise to the connective tissue of the skin An area of the skin supplied by nerves from a single spinal root Specific
58
Cutaneous Field
Cutaneous innervations refer to areas innervated by specific peripheral nerves (e.g. the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve), which can contain fibers from multiple spinal nerve roots. This happens because of how the spinal nerves form plexuses (brachial, lumbar, sacral), which in turn form terminal nerves General
59
Number of Spinal Nerves
Baskin Robbins | 31: C1-C8, T1-T12, L1-L5, S1-S5, Coccygeal 1.
60
Breast
Generally run from T2-T6 | Nipple, Areola, Lactiferus Sinus, Lactiferus Ducts, Gland Lobules, Suspensory Ligaments, Retromammary Space
61
Abduction of the Upper Limb
First 15 degrees is Supraspinatus | After that, it's mostly the Deltoid that deals with Abduction.
62
Deltoid Muscle
Origin: Spine of scapula, Acromion of the scapula, and the lateral one-third of the clavicle. Insertion: Deltoid tuberosity of the humerus. Action: Abducts the humerus Nerve: Axillary Nerve (out of quadrangular space) Blood Supply: Posterior circumflex artery (out of quadrangular space)
63
Teres Minor
Origin: Lateral border of the scapula. Insertion: Inferior facet of the greater tubercle of the humerus. Action: Laterally rotates the humerus Blood Supply: Subscapular and circumflex scapular arteries Nerve: Axillary Nerve
64
Teres Major
Origin: Inferior angle of the scapula Insertion: Medial lip of the intertubercular sulcus of the humerus Action: Adducts and medially rotates the humerus Blood Supply: Subscapular and circumflex scapular arteries Nerve: Lower subscapular nerve (C6 and C7) (C6, C7)
65
Supraspinatus
``` Origin: Supraspinous fossa of scapula Insertion: Superior aspect of greater tubercle of humerus Action: Initiates Abduction Blood Supply: Suprascapular Artery Nerve: Suprascapular Nerve (C5) ```
66
Infraspinatus
Origin: Infraspinous fossa of the scapula Insertion: Middle facet of greater tubercle of the humerus Action: Laterally rotates the arm at the shoulder (glenohumeral) joint Blood Supply: Suprascapular and circumflex scapular arteries Nerve: Suprascapular Nerve (C5)
67
Lateral Cord of Brachial Plexus
Lies immediately lateral to the Axillary Artery
68
Subscapularis
Origin: Subscapular fossa Insertion: Lesser tubercle of humerus Action: Medially rotates the arm at the shoulder (glenohumeral) joint Blood Supply: Subscapular artery Nerve: Upper subscapular nerve, lower subscapular nerve (C5, C6)
69
Humerus Fracture
Most fractures occur at the Surgical neck of the Humerus
70
Sternoclavicular Joint
It has an articular disk It allows anterior-posterior movement of the clavicle It allows some rotation of the clavicle It allows elevation and depression of the clavicle Injuries to this area (including dislocation) are relatively uncommon
71
Axillary Lymph Nodes for Breast Cancer
Organized into three levels by their relative location to the pectoralis minor.
72
Synovial Joints
``` Gliding- sliding/twisting Pivot- rotation around central axis Hinge- flexion/extension Saddle- back and forth, side to side Condyloid- variety of movements, no rotation Ball and Socket- all planes of rotation ```
73
Pars Interarticularis
Pars for short, is the part of vertebra located between the inferior and superior articular processes of the facet joint
74
Cruciform Ligament
Strengthens the atlantoaxial joint
75
Superior Articular Processes
Limits undo movements
76
Cervical Enlargement | Lumbar Enlargement
C3-T2 | L1-S3
77
Spinal Cord Length
In the embryo, spinal cord completely occupies vertebral column and nerves exit transversely. As the body grows, nerves begin running longitudinally before exiting in order to exit in the same location. Growth results in the formation of the cauda equina from the conus medullaris
78
Splanchnic Nerve
Paired visceral nerves (innervation of the internal organs), carrying fibers of the autonomic nervous system (visceral efferent fibers) as well as sensory fibers from the organs (visceral afferent fibers)
79
Sympathetic Nerves
Go to literally every part of the body.
80
Meninges
Dura, Arachnoid, and Pia Mater together form this.
81
Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System divides into the sympathetic nervous system (thoracolumbar division) and parasympathetic nervous system (craniosacral division) The autonomic nervous system functions to regulate the body's unconscious actions
82
Sympathetic Nervous System
Fight or flight Preganglionic neurons in lateral gray horns of spinal segments T1-L2 send preganglionic fibers to ganglia near spinal cord which release ACh, stimulating ganglionic neurons. This sends postganglionic fibers to target organs and release NE at neuroeffector junctions causing a "fight or flight response"
83
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Rest and Repose Preganglionic neurons in brain stem and lateral portions of gray horns of S2-S4 send preganglionic fibers to ganglia in target organs which release ACh, stimulating ganglionic neurons. This sends postganglionic fibers to target organs which release ACh at neuroeffector junctions causing and "Rest and Repose" response
84
Visceral Sensory System
Central Nervous System (brain and spinal cord) leads to the Peripheral Nervous System PNS (Cranial and Spinal Nerves) leads to a motor divison and a sensory Divison -Sensory (afferent) divides into Somatic Sensory (normal external sensory and then Hearing, Equilibrium, Vision, and Smell) and Visceral Sensory (normal internal sensory and then Taste) -Motor (efferent) divides into Somatic Motor (motor innervation of all skeletal muscles) and Visceral Motor (motor innervation of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands Visceral Motor divides into the parasympathetic division and sympathetic division Somatic Neurons are for voluntary movement
85
Roots of Brachial Plexus
Two Terminal Nerves are formed here | Long Thoracic and Dorsal Scapular.
86
Trunks of Brachial Plexus
Two Terminal Nerves are formed here | Suprascapular and Nerve to Subclavius
87
Divisions of Brachial Plexus
Zero Terminal Nerves are formed here
88
Cords of Brachial Plexus
Seven Terminal Nerves are formed here Lateral Pectoral, Upper Subscapular, Middle Subscapular (Thoracodorsal), Lower Subscapular, Medial Pectoral, Medial Cutaneous of Arm, and Medial Cutaneous of Forearm
89
Branches of Brachial Plexus
Zero Terminal Nerves are formed here

Anatomy (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions