Exam 1: Chapter 3

Question 1

What is another name for a drug molecule

Answer 1

a ligand

Question 2

A ____ is the component of the cell to which endogenous and exogenous compounds bind

Answer 2

receptor

Question 3

Receptors are usually (lipids/proteins)

Answer 3

proteins

Question 4

What are the three types of receptors located on the cell’s surface

Answer 4

1. Ligand gated (ion channels)
2. Linked directly to enzymes
3. G proteins (intermediate regulatory)

Question 5

What type of receptor is acetycholine

Answer 5

ligand gated/ion channel

Question 6

When activated, an acetylcholine receptor opens a ____ ion channel

Answer 6

Na+

Question 7

True or False:

receptors that are linked directly to enzymes are channels

Answer 7

false

Question 8

Give an example of a receptor that is link directly to an enzyme

Answer 8

Insulin attaches to a binding domain and activates the inner portion/catalytic domain

Question 9

Which type of receptor alters an intracellular effector a distance away from the receptor

Answer 9

G-proteins, linked to an intermediate regulatory

Question 10

What is another name for a G protein

Answer 10

a second messenger

Question 11

Is acetylcholine endogenous or exogenous

Answer 11

endogenous

Question 12

A second drug that can bind to a receptor protein and cause the same effect as the first drug is called an ____

Answer 12

agonist

Question 13

A second drug that can bind to a receptor and blocks an effect of the first drug is called a _____

Answer 13

antagonist or blocker

Question 14

What is a common example of a second message

Answer 14

cyclic AMP

Question 15

Explain the mechanism of a second messenger interaction

Answer 15

A free peptide in the bloodstream attaches to a fixed membrane receptor on a target cell. The peptide releases a second messenger (cyclic AMP). The second messenger activates a series of enzymes reactions that alter cell function until the intended function occurs

Question 16

Where are intracellular receptors located

Answer 16

in the cytoplasm and within the nucleus

Question 17

What drug often binds with intracellular receptors via passive diffusion

Answer 17

steroids

Question 18

Steroids enter the cell by passive diffusion and bind with receptors in the (nucleus/cytoplasm)

Answer 18

cytoplasm

Question 19

Hormones like thyroxin enter the cell by passive diffusion and bind with receptors in the (nucleus/cytoplasm)

Answer 19

nucleus

Question 20

Intracellular receptors bind to _____ and cause change in ____ expression and mRNA transcription

Answer 20

genes, gene

Question 21

True or False:

Altered protein synthesis results in altered cell function

Answer 21

true

Question 22

A drug-receptor relationship is like a ___ - ___ relationship

Answer 22

key-lock

Question 23

The ability of a drug to interact with the receptor depends upon what three things

Answer 23

1. size of drug
2. shape of drug
3. configuration of the binding site on the receptor
4. The flexibility/fluidity of the cell membrane

Question 24

What is affinity

Answer 24

the attraction of a drug to a receptor

Question 25

What term is described as the attraction of a drug to a receptor

Answer 25

affinity

Question 26

Drugs with a low to moderate affinity require a (low/high) concentration to load the receptor

Answer 26

high

Question 27

The flexibility/fluidity of the cell membrane can effect the drug binding to the receptor which is effected by the _____ and ____ of the patient

Answer 27

health and nutrition

Question 28

What are the five types of functional proteins in the cell membrane

Answer 28

1. Channels 2. Transporters 3. Enzymes 4. Receptors 5. Structural proteins

Question 29

What are the four types of receptors

Answer 29

1. Ligand gated 2. Enzyme liked 3. G protein 4. Intracellular receptors

Question 30

True or False: hydrophilic molecules can easily pass through the cell membrane

Answer 30

False, they cannot so they requires a ligand-gated channel

Question 31

Explain how a ligand-gated channel works

Answer 31

A ligand binds to a receptor on the outside of the channel, the receptor opens the channel and allows Na+ to flow into the cell and K+ flows out of the cell

Question 32

Explain how enzyme linked receptors work

Answer 32

A ligand binds to a receptor outside of the cell which activates enzymes inside of the cell. ATP/GTP inside of the cell transforms into cAMP

Question 33

Explain how G-protein receptors work

Answer 33

A ligand binds to a receptor outside of the cell membrane which changes the shape of the receptor, which then changes the shape of the G protein. This activates enzymes and effector proteins

Question 34

Explain how intracellular receptors work

Answer 34

Ligands that can pass through the membrane enter the cell and either bind to receptors in the nucleus or cytoplasm. This can alter transcription of DNA within a cell

Question 35

What is the result of a drug-receptor interaction

Answer 35

a change in cell function or the blocking of cell function

Question 36

an agonist has (affinity/efficacy)

Answer 36

affinity and efficacy

Question 37

____ is when a drug is attracted and binds to a receptor

Answer 37

affinity

Question 38

____ is when a drug binds to the receptor and causes a change in cell function

Answer 38

efficacy

Question 39

An antagonist has (affinity/efficacy)

Answer 39

affinity but no efficacy

Question 40

What is a competitive antagonist

Answer 40

inhibitory drugs that are trying to reach the same receptor before an agonist gets to that same receptor

Question 41

True or False: A competitive antagonist molecule with greater concentration will win the receptor spot

Answer 41

true

Question 42

If a competitive antagonist (which is inhibitory) is causes an adverse effect, how is the competitive antagonist overcome

Answer 42

Increasing the concentration of an agonist to overpower the antagonist

Question 43

What is a noncompetitive antagonist

Answer 43

Antagonists that try to reach the same receptor as an agonist, but once the antagonist is binded with a receptor, it cannot be overpowered no matter how strong the concentration of the agonist

Question 44

What is a partial agonist

Answer 44

an agonist that occupies the receptor site but has a decreased efficacy because it doesn't release a full effect of that drug or whatever the agonist is

Question 45

Partial agonists have a (poor/strong) affinity but a (poor/strong) efficacy

Answer 45

strong, poor

Question 46

What type of medications can function as partial agonists that provide adequate effects without unwanted side effects

Answer 46

anti-anxiety

Question 47

In general, prolonged stimulation of receptors will lead to a/an (decrease/increase) in receptor function which is called ________ or a decrease in receptor population which is called _____-______

Answer 47

decrease; desensitization; down-regulation

Question 48

In general, decreased stimulation of a receptor will result in a/an (decrease/increase) in receptor sensitivity or an increase in number of receptors called __-_______

Answer 48

increased; up regulation

Question 49

A drug is said to be _____ if it affects one type of cell or tissue

Answer 49

selective

Question 50

What is the selectivity of a drug

Answer 50

A function of a drugs ability to interact with receptors located on cells/tissues

Question 51

The (less/more) selective the drug the fewer the different side effects

Answer 51

more

Question 52

True or False: When a selective drug is designed, it is superior to less selective drugs in the same category

Answer 52

true

Question 53

A less selective drug attaches to a similar yet different receptor that can cause unwanted (pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics)

Answer 53

pharmacodynamics