Practice Test Flashcards by Madelynn Kahl

The primary associated problem with most traditional sedative and antihistamine medications is

a. sedation
b. runny nose
c. watery eyes
d. increased coughing

sedation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Most common nasal decongestants act by _____ receptors in the nasal mucosa.

a. inhibiting beta-1
b. stimulating alpha-1
c. stimulating beta-1
d. inhibiting alpha-1

stimulating alpha 1

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

High doses and prolonged or excessive use of nasal decongestants is potentially harmful because these drugs

a. all are true
b. can increase heart rate
c. can mimic the effects of the sympathetic nervous system
d. can increase blood pressure

all are true

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Drugs that decrease the viscosity of respiratory secretions are known commonly as _______, whereas drugs that facilitate the production and ejection of mucus are known commonly as ________.

a. bronchodilators; antihistamines
b. mucolytics; expectorants
c. antihistamines; bronchodilators
d. expectorants; mucolytics

mucolytics; expectorants

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

To selectively produce bronchodilation, a drug should _____ receptors in airway smooth muscle

a. stimulate beta-2
b. inhibit beta-1
c. stimulate beta-1
d. inhibit beta-2

stimulate beta 2

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Treatment of bronchospasm in conditions like asthma are often treated with commercial products that combine ____ with _____.

a. an acetylcholine agonist; a beta-2 receptor antagonist
b. a beta-2 receptor agonist; an acetylcholine agonist
c. an anti-inflammatory steroid; a beta-2 receptor agonist
d. an anti-inflammatory steroid; a beta-2 receptor antagonist

an anti-inflammatory steroid; a beta-2 receptor agonist

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Most antacid medications contain a chemical base that neutalizes excess _____ ions in the stomach, thereby _____ intragastric pH.

a. sodium; increasing
b. sodium; decreasing
c. hydrogen; increasing
d. hydrogen; decreasing

hydrogen; increasing

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Drugs such as cimetidine and ranitidine that selectively block histamine type 2 (H2) receptors on stomach parietal cells

all are true

are available only by prescription

are known as antihistamines

prevent the histamine-activated release of gastric acid

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In many people with gastric ulcers, antibacterial drugs are often combined with proton pump inhibitors to help eliminate ________ infection as a potentiating factor in ulcer formation.
e. coli

girardia

h. pylori

streptococcal

h. pylori

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Natural and synthetic opioid drugs _____ gastrointestinal motility, and are therefore useful in treating _____.

increase; diarrhea

decrease; constipation

decrease; diarrhea

increase; constipation

decrease; diarrhea

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Daily or indiscriminate use of laxatives should be avoided because excessive use of these drugs can cause
irritation of the lower GI tract

impairment of loss of normal mechanisms governing evacuation and defecation

all are true

excessive loss of fluids and electrolytes

all are true

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Opioid analgesics are also known commonly as _______ because they tend to have sedative or sleep-inducing side effects and high doses can produce a state of unresponsiveness and stupor.

naturopathic

narcotics

nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

neuroleptics

narcotics

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Opioid drugs exert their analgesics effects by binding to the same receptors as

endogenous opioids (endorphins, enkephalins)

glucocorticoids (cortisol)

anabolic steroids (testosterone)

the catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine)

endogenous opioids (endorphins, enkephalins)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Morphine and many other powerful opioids exert their primary analgesic effects by binding to the

beta opioid receptor

mu opioid receptor

beta adrenergic receptor

alpha adrenergic receptor

mu opoioid receptor

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

By blocking all opioid receptors, opioid antagonists such as nalmefene and naloxone are used primarily to
treat diarrhea

treat severe, acute postoperative pain

treat severe chronic pain

treat opioid overdose

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Preliminary studies on animals suggest that opioids can exert analgesic effects when administered directly into peripheral tissues (e.g., injected into an inflamed joint) because

opioids cause vasoconstriction in peripheral tissues

opioids decrease the production of inflammatory substances in peripheral tissues

opioids increase vasodilation in peripheral tissues

opioids may bind to receptors located on the distal (peripheral) ends of primary afferent (sensory) neurons.

opioids may bind to receptors located on the distal (peripheral) ends of primary afferent (sensory) neurons.
?

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

When used to treat pain, opioids can be administered by all of the following routes EXCEPT

intrathecally

inhalation

transdermally

intravenously

inhalation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In addition to their use as analgesics, opioid drugs can also be administered

to treat severe diarrhea

all are true

as a cough suppressant

as a preoperative medication

all are true

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which of the following side effects is NOT associated with opioid drugs?

orthostatic hypotension

increased respiration

sedation

constipation

increased respiration

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The onset of withdrawal symptoms (body aches, shivering, sweating, and so forth) after sudden discontinuation of opioid analgesics is an example of

anaphylaxis

physical dependence

psychological dependence

drug tolerance

physical dependence

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

NSAIDs such as aspirin exhibit all of the following effects EXCEPT

the ability to relieve mild-to-moderate pain (analgesia)

the ability to decrease the elevated body temperature associated with fever (antipyresis)

the ability to decrease inflammation

the ability to increase bronchodilation in conditions such as asthma

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

NSAIDs exert their therapeutic effects by _____ the ______ enzyme.

inhibiting; cyclooxygenase

stimulating; cyclooxygenase

inhibiting; acetylcholinesterase

stimulating; acetylcholinesterase

inhibiting; cyclooxygenase

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The _____ form of the cyclooxygenase enzyme seems to be responsible for producing beneficial prostaglandins that help maintain or protect function in specific tissues such as the stomach and kidneys

COX-3

COX-2

COX-4

COX-1

Which of the following conditions is not normally treated with aspirin or other NSAIDs?

mild to moderate pain

mild to moderate inflammation

fever in adults

asthma

In addition to its analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects, it appears that regular use of low-dose aspirin may also help prevent ischemic strokes colorectal cancer heart attacks all are true

all are true

The most common problem associated with NSAIDs such as aspirin is fever sedation gastrointestinal damage dizziness

gastrointestinal damage

In theory, a COX-2 selective drug such as celecoxib will be less likely to cause gastric irritation because patients taking COX-2 drugs are older than patients taking traditional NSAIDs COX-2 drugs do not inhibit the production of beneficial prostaglandins in the stomach COX-2 drugs are coated so that the drug does not dissolve until it reaches the small intestine. COX-2 drugs are less acidic than traditional NSAIDs

COX-2 drugs do not inhibit the production of beneficial prostaglandins in the stomach

Aspirin ______ be used to treat fever in children because this drug may cause _____. should; elevated body temperature should; Reye syndrome should not; elevated body temperature should not; Reye syndrome

should not; Reye syndrome

Several COX-2 selective inhibitors such as rofecoxib (Vioxx) and valdecoxib (Bextra) have been taken off the market because these drugs can cause serious side effects such as kidney failure liver failure heart attack and stroke brain tumors

heart attack and stroke

Aspirin and acetaminophen are different because acetaminophen is more toxic to the stomach than aspirin acetaminophen does not have anti-inflammatory effects acetaminophen is less toxic to the liver than aspirin acetaminophen does not have antipyretic effects

acetaminophen does not have anti-inflammatory effects

Drugs used to relax the patient and promote sleep are classified antidepressants sedative-hypnotics antipsychotics neuroleptics

sedative-hypnotics

Benzodiazepines such as diazepam (Valium) act by increasing the inhibitory effects of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine dopamine gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acetylcholine

gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

Diazepam (Valium) and other benzodiazepines bind to specific GABA receptors in the CNS, and inhibit neuronal activity by _____ the conductance of ______ ions into the neuron. decreasing; sodium increasing; chloride increasing; sodium increasing; potassium

increasing; chloride

Upon reaching the brain, most antidepressant drugs affect amino acids such as leucine and isoleucine acetylcholine carbohydrates such as glucose and fructose amine neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine and serotonin

amine neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine and serotonin

Tricyclic antidepressants work by ______ the reuptake of ______ into the presynaptic terminal of certain CNS neurons. increasing; amine neurotransmitters inhibiting; amino acids inhibiting; amine neurotransmitters increasing; amino acids

inhibiting; amine neurotransmitters

Antidepressant drugs that inhibit the ______ enzyme allow more amine neurotransmitters to remain in the synaptic cleft and continue to exert an effect in CNS synapses involved in depression. choline acetyltransferase monoamine oxidase sodium-potassium ATPase cholinesterase

monoamine oxidase

Certain newer or second-generation antidepressants such as fluoxetine (Prozac), paroxetine (Paxil), and sertraline (Zoloft) have received attention because of their ability to selectively affect ______ reuptake at certain CNS synapses. norepinephrine dopamine 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) acetylcholine

5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin)

Insulin _____ the storage of glucose in skeletal muscle and other tissues, thereby _____ plasma glucose levels after a meal. decreases; decreasing decreases; increasing increases; increasing increases; decreasing

increases; decreasing

All of the following are characteristics of type I diabetes mellitus EXCEPT pancreatic insulin production is low or absent tissue sensitivity to insulin is low disease onset usually occurs in childhood body weight is usually at or below normal levels

tissue sensitivity to insulin is low

The primary problem in type 2 diabetes is _____. decreased sensitivity of peripheral tissues to circulating insulin increased release of glucagon from pancreatic alpha cells decreased release of glucagon from pancreatic alpha cells increased sensitivity of peripheral tissues to circulating insulin

decreased sensitivity of peripheral tissues to circulating insulin

Drugs that stimulate insulin secretion (e.g., sulfonylureas) or increase tissue sensitivity to insulin (e.g. metformin) all are true are effective in some patients with Type II diabetes. are used to treat patients with poor glucagon production are effective in some patients with Type I diabetes.

are effective in some patients with Type II diabetes.

People who are on insulin therapy for diabetes mellitus are more at risk for hypoglycemia if they administer too much insulin they skip a meal all are true they exercise too strenuously

all are true

Parkinson disease typically occurs because of the slow, progressive degeneration of specific _______- norepinephrine; cerebellum serotonin; limbic system acetylcholine; cortex dopamine; basal ganglia

dopamine; basal ganglia

Neuronal death that occurs in Parkinson disease may ultimately be caused by the formation of harmful byproducts of oxygen metabolism, better known as cholinesterase inhibitors free radicals monoamine oxidase inhibitors dopamine antagonists

free radicals

Oral administration of dopamine is NOT effective in the treatment of Parkinson disease because dopamine is digested in the stomach unable to pass from the blood stream into the brain degraded into L-DOPA in the blood stream degraded by dopa decarboxylase in the blood stream

unable to pass from the blood stream into the brain

With regard to levodopa administration, "end-of-dose akinesia" describes the phenomenon where drug effects follow an on-off pattern throughout the day levodopa seems to become less effective when it is administered for prolonged periods (3 to 4 years) the effectiveness of levodopa seems to wear off prior to the next dose a patient experiences hallucinations and other psychotropic effects of levodopa

drug effects follow an on-off pattern throughout the day

Diazepam (Valium) appears to work as a muscle relaxant by increasing the inhibitory effect of ____ on alpha motor neuron activity in the spinal cord. norepinephrine acetylcholine gamma amino-butyric acid (GABA) epinephrine

gamma amino-butyric acid (GABA)

Long term use of diazepam (Valium) as a muscle relaxant is often limited due to problems with tolerance sedation physical dependence all are true

all are true

Intrathecal administration of baclofen typically refers to drug delivery into the third ventricle of the brain the subarachnoid space a sympathetic chain ganglion the epidural space

the subarachnoid space

The drug that inhibits spasticity by selectively inhibiting calcium release from skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum is tizanidine diazepam baclofen dantrolene sodium

dantrolene sodium

Botulinum toxin is used to treat spasticity by injecting this drug subcutaneously directly into the spastic muscle intravenously intrathecally

directly into the spastic muscle

The muscle relaxant that directly inhibits acetylcholine release from presynaptic terminals at the skeletal neuromuscular junction is baclofen tizanidine dantrolene sodium botulinum toxin

botulinum toxin

Antibacterial drugs work by all of the following mechanisms EXCEPT inhibition of bacterial nucleic acid synthesis bacterial intracellular calcium release bacterial cell wall synthesis and function bacterial protein synthesis

bacterial intracellular calcium release

Tendon pain and inflammation (tendinopathy) that can be severe and ultimately lead to tendon rupture may be caused by fluoroquinolones penicillins tetracyclines vancomycin

fluoroquinolones

Rehabilitation interventions that use ultraviolet irradiation (UV light) should be used cautiously in people taking antibacterial drugs because antibacterial drugs may cause tendinopathy photosensitivity renal failure pulmonary edema

photosensitivity

Viral infections are often more difficult to treat than other types of infections because viruses contain organelles (ribosomes, mitochondria, etc.) that are naturally resistant to antiviral drugs viruses penetrate into human cells, and cannot be easily killed without harming the human cell virus particles are much larger in size than other infectious microorganisms such as bacteria virus particles are much larger in size than human cells and the pharmacodynamics of anti-virals often kill human cells

virus particles are much larger in size than human cells and the pharmacodynamics of anti-virals often kill human cells

Interferons are small proteins that exert nonspecific antiviral activity control cell differentiation all are true limit excessive cell proliferation

exert nonspecific antiviral activity